Background SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the beta coronavirus family responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic. The infection first emerged in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide. The ongoing outbreak has posed an urgent worldwide health threat due to the rapid transmittable potential and high mortality rate. Due to the critical role of none structural protein − 12 (NSP-12) in COVID-19. This study tries to investigate the link between genotype-phenotype NSP-12 variation and the prevalence of this disease. Methods We analyzed approximately 2 million Nsp12 of SARS-CoV-2 protein sequence from January 2020 until June 2021. Python programming language was utilized to preprocess and apply inclusion criteria on FASTA files to prepare a list of suitable samples for clustering samples. NSP-12 regions were aligned to the reference sequence to compare and identify mutation patterns, categorized based on frequency and continent. Results The rate of NSP-12 mutation in divided geographical areas was different. Based on continental studies, the P227L and G671S mutations have multiplied over time and in European and Asian societies in recent months. According to biochemical studies, the occurrence of G671S mutation increases the stability of the protein. Conclusion We concluded that NSP-12 P227L and G671S mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are increased in recent months. Further studies will be required to investigate whether these mutations impact the severity of the disease.
Background: Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments. Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironment. Four methods are described for developing bladder cancer models inside the animal's bladder. Direct intramural injection is one of these methods and is widely used. However, its efficacy in model development has not yet been studied. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and success rate of the direct intramural injection method of developing an orthotopic model for the study of bladder cancer.Method: Tumor cell lines were prepared in four microtubes. Aliquots of 200 × 10 3 cells were injected through a 27 gauge needle into the ventral wall of the bladders of 4 male and 4 female BALB/c mice following a midline 1 cm laparotomy incision. In addition, 1 million cells from each microtube were injected into the flanks of control mice.To prevent infection and alleviate pain, 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin and 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine, respectively, were injected subcutaneously. Results:Tumors formed in all mice, resulting in 100% take rate and zero post-operation mortality. Surgery time was ≤15 min per mouse. In two mice, tumors were found in the peritoneal space as well. Conclusion:Direct intramural injection is a rapid, reliable, and reproducible method for developing orthotopic models of bladder cancer. It can be done on both male and female mice and only requires readily available surgical tools. However, needle track can result in cell spillage and peritoneal tumors.
OBJECTIVEExtravasation is leakage of material from a peripheral venous access into adjacent tissue, which results in tissue damage ranging from local irritation to necrosis and scar formation. Neonates are at extravasation risk with IV treatment because of their small, fragile veins and the long treatment period required. In this report, investigators assessed the efficacy of amniotic membrane (AM) as a biological dressing to heal extravasation wounds in neonates.METHODSThis case series includes six neonates who presented with extravasation injuries from February 2020 to April 2022. Neonates born at any gestational age diagnosed with a wound secondary to extravasation were recruited. Neonates with skin disorders and those who had stage 1 or 2 wounds were excluded. Providers covered infection- and necrosis-free wounds with AM and assessed the wounds after 48 hours. Five days after placement, providers removed and replaced the AM; they continued to replace the bandages every 5 to 7 days until healed.RESULTSThe average gestational age of included neonates was 33.6 weeks. Average healing time was 12.5 days (range, 10-20 days), and no adverse reactions were observed. All neonates healed completely without scar formation.CONCLUSIONSThis preliminary report suggests that the application of AM in treating extravasation in neonates is safe and effective. However, controlled trials with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate this outcome and determine implications for practice.
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