The vitreous hemorrhage may be caused by a large amount of blood, originally formed by Terson's syndrome, entering the subarachnoid space around the optic nerve and from there infiltrating the intraocular space through the perivascular space around the central retinal vessels within the optic nerve.

To study roles of cortico-basal ganglia loops in action planning, we examined interactions between the activities of simultaneously recorded neurons in the striatum of monkeys performing sequence motor tasks by cross-correlation analysis. Serial activation occurred between projection neurons in a motor sequence-dependent manner, and was in the direction of a neuron encoding an early event in the sequence to a neuron encoding the same event or later, but closer event to the reward. Synchronous activation occurred between pairs of interneurons. The serial activation seems to originate through the cortico-basal ganglia loops, because projection neurons are inhibitory. We propose that the task-dependent serial and synchronous activation of striate neurons may be a neural substrate for goal-directed planning through the basal ganglia.

PurposeTo investigate the potential risk factors for neovascular glaucoma (NVG) after vitrectomy in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Subjects and methodsIn this retrospective, observational, comparative study, patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy who underwent vitrectomy at Toho University Sakura Medical Center between December 2011 and November 2016 and who were followed for ≥12 months after surgery were included. Subject parameters examined included age, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, administration of insulin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Ocular parameters examined included preoperative best-corrected visual acuity, preoperative IOP, operative history (specifically panretinal photocoagulation), lens status, ocular pathology (eg, iris/angle neovascularization, tractional retinal detachment, diabetic macular edema, vitreous hemorrhage, combined tractional retinal detachment), intraoperative retinal tamponade use, vitrectomy gauge, combined lens extraction/vitrectomy procedure, subsequent surgical procedures, and pre- and postoperative intravitreal bevacizumab. Correlations between variables and postoperative NVG development were examined using logistic regression analyses (backward elimination method).ResultsA total of 254 eyes of 196 consecutive subjects (146 men [74.5%], 54.0±10.8 years old) were included. Sixty of 254 eyes (23.6%) developed NVG. Several preoperative factors increased the risk of developing NVG, including iris/angle neovascularization (P=0.042), preoperative high IOP (P=0.005), low HbA1c (P=0.004), and administration of insulin (P=0.045). Intraoperative retinal tamponade also increased NVG risk (P=0.021, backward elimination method).ConclusionPreoperative parameters such as elevated IOP, iris/angle neovascularization, fasting blood sugar and HbA1c discrepancies, administration of insulin, as well as use of retinal tamponade during retinal surgery were identified as the risk factors for developing NVG.

Objective The aim of this randomized controlled study was to investigate the effects of insoles with a toe-grip bar on toe function and standing balance in healthy young women. Methods Thirty female subjects were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group wore shoes with insoles with a toe-grip bar. The control group wore shoes with general insoles. Both groups wore the shoes for 4 weeks, 5 times per week, 9 hours per day. Toe-grip strength, toe flexibility, static balance (total trajectory length and envelope area of the center of pressure), and dynamic balance (functional reach test) were measured before and after the intervention. Results Significant interactions were observed for toe-grip strength and toe flexibility (F = 12.53, p < 0.01; F = 5.84, p < 0.05, resp.), with significant improvement in the intervention group compared with that in the control group. Post hoc comparisons revealed that both groups showed significant improvement in toe-grip strength (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, resp.), with higher benefits observed for the intervention group (p < 0.01). Conversely, no significant interaction was observed in the total trajectory length, envelope area, and functional reach test. Conclusions This study suggests that insoles with a toe-grip bar contribute to improvements in toe-grip strength and toe flexibility in healthy young women.

The effects of insoles with a toe-grip bar on toe-grip strength (TGS) and body sway in middle-aged and elderly women were investigated. Twelve middle-aged and elderly women wore shoes with insoles with a toe-grip bar. TGS and the total length of the center of pressure sway in the 1- and 2-leg stances (OLS-TL and TLS-TL) were measured before (Pre1) and after (Pre2) the baseline phase and after the intervention phase (Post). TGS, OLS-TL and TLS-TL significantly improved in the Post condition compared with the Pre1 and Pre2 conditions. The results of this study suggest that insoles with a toe-grip bar can improve TGS and body sway in middle-aged and elderly women.