A total of 37 bacterial strains with the general characteristics of the family Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from fruit and soil samples in Japan as producers of 2,5-diketo-~-gluconic acid from D-glucose. These organisms were phenotypically most closely related to the genus Pantoea (F. Gavini, J. Mergaert, A. Beji, C. Mielearek, D. Izard, K. Kersters, and J. De Ley, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:337-345, 1989) and were divided into three phenotypic groups. We selected nine representative strains from the three groups for an examination of DNA relatedness, as determined by the S1 nuclease method at 6OoC, Strain SHS 2003T (T = type strain) exhibited 30 to 41 and 28 to 33% DNA relatedness to the strains belonging to the strain SHS 2006T group (strains SHS 2004, SHS 2005, SHS 2006T, and SHS 2007 and to the strains belonging to the strain SHS 200tlT group (strains SHS 200ST, SHS 2009, SHS 2010, and SHS 2011, respectively. Strain SHS 2006T exhibited 38 to 46% DNA relatedness to the strains belonging to the strain SHS 2008T group. The levels of DNA relatedness within the strain SHS 2006T group and within the strain SHS 200ST group were more than 85 and 71%, respectively. Strain SHS 2003T, SHS 2006T, and SHS 200fJT DNAs exhibited less than 18% binding to Pantoea dispersa ATCC 14589T and Pantoea agglornerans ATCC 271ST DNAs. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, DNA base compositions, and the results of DNA relatedness studies, the nine strains which we studied were considered to be new species of the genus Pantoea, and the names Pantoea citrea, Pantoea punctata, and Pantoea terrea are proposed for strains belonging to the strain SHS 2003T, SHS 2006T, and SHS 200ST groups, respectively. P. citrea SHS 2003T, P. punctata SHS 2006T, and P. terrea SHS 200tlT have been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strains ATCC 31623T ("Erwinia citreus"), ATCC 31626T ("Erwinia punctata"), and ATCC 31628T ("Erwinia terreus"), respectively.As reported previously (24), we isolated from various fruit and soil samples 42 bacterial strains that effectively produce within 24 h 2,5-diketo-~-gluconic acid (DKGA) from 30% D-glUCOSe solutions via D-gluconic acid and 2-keto-~-gluconic acid. These organisms are gram-negative, oxidasenegative, facultatively anaerobic, fermentative bacterial strains with the general characteristics of the family Enterobacteriaceae (3). On the basis of the characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae described by Brenner (3), our 42 strains were initially thought to be related to species belonging to the genus Erwinia or to Enterobacter agglomerans. They were divided into three phenotypic groups and were tentatively named " Erwinia citreus," "Erwinia punctata," and "Erwinia teweus" (24).After these tentative new species names were published, we conducted further detailed investigations of other characteristics by using 37 of the 42 isolates (24) (referred to as the DKGA-producing strains). As a result, we concluded that these 37 strains are members of the Erwinia herbicolaEnterobacter agglorneran...

The lateral line system and its innervation were examined in the ostraciid Ostracion immaculatus (Tetraodontiformes), and compared with those in the triacanthodid Triacanthodes anomalus (Tetraodontiformes) and the acropomatid Malakichthys wakiyae (Perciformes). The carapace of O. immaculatus was composed of 6 cephalic and 2 trunk lateral lines, all neuromasts being categorized as "superficial." Triacanthodes anomalus was identical with O. immaculatus in the absence of the mandibular line and its innervating ramus, whereas in M. wakiyae the line and ramus were present. All neuromasts were "superficial" in the former two, but "canal" in the latter. Judging from the essentially identical lateral line topography and innervation patterns in all three species, the superficial neuromasts in the two tetraodontiforms were considered to have resulted from replacement of canal neuromasts. The number of neuromasts in the cephalic lateral lines of O. immaculatus (106) and T. anomalus (91) were similar, being significantly higher than in M. wakiyae (30). However, the reverse was true for the trunk lateral lines, the two tetraodontiforms having fewer neuromasts (39 in O. immaculatus, 47 in T. anomalus) compared with M. wakiyae (59).lateral line system, most likely owing to its inconspicuous nature. Overall, the system has not been utilized positively for either taxonomic or phylogenetic characters, although the statement that infraorbitals are absent in the order (Tyler, 1980) may be interpreted as an indirect reference to the lateral line system. Although Bal (1937) studied the nervous system of Takifugu oblongus, details were omitted in the description.In this study, the lateral line system and its innervation are described and illustrated in detail for the first time in the Tetraodontiformes. As a first step in tetraodontiform neuroanatomy, we examined two "extremes" to roughly estimate the stability of the lateral line system and its innervation within the order: Ostracion immaculatus (Ostraciidae) for its specialized "scutes" with a three-dimensional collagen network structure (Besseau and Bouligand, 1998) and Triacanthodes anomalus (Triacanthodidae) for its primitive position in the order (Santini and Tyler, 2003). Furthermore, the perciform Malakichthys wakiyae is described and illustrated as a comparative reference to tetraodontiform conditions, a sister-group search not being attempted in this study.

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Homologies of the adductor mandibulae muscles in eight families of Tetraodontiformes were hypothesized from the branching patterns of ramus mandibularis trigeminus. Insertions of the muscles to the upper or lower jaw were weak indicators of homology, migrations of the sites occurring frequently in A1, A2α, A2 , and A3. In monacanthids, tetraodontids, and diodontids, A1 tended to be split into numerous subsections, whereas in aracanids and ostraciids, A3 was highly developed, comprising three or four subsections. In tetraodontids, A2 was found to be a composite of A1 subsection and A2 . The methods of and limits to applying nerve branching patterns to muscle homology are discussed. A new naming system that reflects both muscle homologies and insertions is proposed. Materials and MethodsThe specimens examined are listed below. Triodontidae and Molidae were not examined owing to a lack of materials. Abbreviations in parentheses refer to the methods of examination: D, dissected; CS, cleared and stained. Measurements (in mm) are of standard length (SL). Muscles were observed on specimens stained by Alizarin Red-S, and cranial nerves on CS specimens prepared by the Sihler technique (Fraser and Freihofer, 1971), with the following modifications: a few crystals of thymol (mold inhibitor) were added to trypsin solution for maceration; maceration in KOH solution (0.5-1% KOH by weight) was limited to 3-7 days; Sihler's Solution II was diluted to ca. 20% with distilled water, because 100% Solution II tended to stain bone and muscle tissues, in addition to nerves. Terminology generally follows Tyler (1980) for osteology and Freihofer (1978) for neuroanatomy. In the "description" and illustrations, the names of the adductor mandibulae subdivisions follow Winterbottom (1974b). Subdivisions newly recognized (and named on the basis of their insertions) in this study are indicated by an asterisk. Aω is not illustrated in the figures, because the section so named in Tetraodontiformes does not appear to be an element of the adductor mandibulae muscles (see Discussion), although tentatively included in "Description." Material examined. Triacanthodidae: Triacanthodes anomalus, BSKU (Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University) 62329 (65.7 mm, D), BSKU 64695 (5 specimens; 62.0-97.5 mm, CS); Macrorhamphosodes uradoi, BSKU 62330 (104.9 mm, D), BSKU 64696 (3; 66.7-86.1 mm, CS). Triacanthidae: Triacanthus biaculeatus, BSKU 62331 (182.8 mm, D), BSKU 64697 (4; 197.0-Ichthyological Research