The terms historical trauma and intergenerational transmission of trauma have been used interchangeably in the literature, yet may be theoretically distinct. The confusion in nomenclature may mask different underlying mechanisms for understanding trauma. The current study applies institutional betrayal trauma theory as a means for understanding awareness of historical losses and examines the intergenerational transmission of trauma through family systems. In a diverse sample ( N = 59) of American Indians, we find support for the idea that institutional betrayal may be at the heart of historical loss awareness. The more participants in the current study were acculturated, or identified with White culture, the less they were aware of historical losses. For the entire sample, regardless of acculturation, we found that family history of boarding school experiences, having parents and grandparents who lived in boarding schools, predicted interpersonal childhood trauma but not noninterpersonal childhood trauma.
This randomised pilot study compared the effects of a six-week, dance video game training programme with traditional agility ladder drills. Twenty-seven elite volleyball players participated and the Illinois Agility Test was used as the primary outcome measure. Significant improvement was seen in agility scores of the video game dance group with both an intention-to-treat analysis (ITTA), (median [Mdn]=-0.95, p=0.028), and per-protocol analysis (Mdn=-1.58, p=0.012). The ladder drills group showed no significant change in agility with the ITTA (Mdn=-0.71, p=0.062), but improvement was seen with the per-protocol analysis (Mdn=-0.85, p=0.028). Between group comparisons showed no significant difference in agility scores for the ITTA (p=0.650). However, with the per-protocol analysis, the video game dance training group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in agility scores (Mdn=-1.58 sec; p=0.029.) compared with the ladder drills group (Mdn=-0.85 sec.). Changes observed for both analyses exceeded the minimal detectable change for the Illinois Agility Test, indicating that dance video game training may be a useful tool for clinicians wanting to enhance agility. Further research is warranted in this area.
Research has consistently demonstrated strong relationships between high levels of adherence to traditional masculinity ideology and poor health and behavior outcomes (e.g., Levant & Richmond, 2007; O'Neil, 2008). Though recent studies have demonstrated support for theories of multiple masculinities or the idea that one's masculinity ideology is developed, maintained, and restructured according to one's social and environmental contexts (e.g., Smiler, 2004), understanding how male gender contributes to social problems within diverse communities, social groups, and contexts is not well established (Mankowski & Maton, 2010). The current study examined how individual and contextual variables predict change in level of adherence to traditional masculinity ideology among a diverse sample of incarcerated adolescent males convicted of felony crimes in the state of Ohio. In List of Tables vi List of Figures viii Chapter I: Introduction 1
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