SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with millions infected and numerous fatalities. Questions regarding the robustness, functionality, and longevity of the antibody response to the virus remain unanswered. Here we report that the vast majority of infected individuals with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 experience robust IgG antibody responses against the viral spike protein, based on a dataset of 30,082 individuals screened at Mount Sinai Health System in New York City. We also show that titers are relatively stable for at least a period approximating 5 months and that anti-spike binding titers significantly correlate with neutralization of authentic SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggests that more than 90% of seroconverters make detectible neutralizing antibody responses. These titers remain relatively stable for several months after infection.

A rapid protocol for the extraction of total nucleic acids from environmental samples is described. The method facilitates concomitant assessment of microbial 16S rRNA diversity by PCR and reverse transcription-PCR amplification from a single extraction. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis microbial community analysis differentiated the active component (rRNA derived) from the total bacterial diversity (ribosomal DNA derived) down the horizons of an established grassland soil.The molecular analysis of 16S rRNA is now central to studies examining the diversity of microorganisms in the environment. Traditional methods based upon cultivation underestimate diversity considerably, whereas modern molecular methods (PCR, cloning, and sequencing) have provided a greater insight into the extent of prokaryotic diversity (for a review see reference 6). Methodologies for the analyses of a DNA-based phylogeny (using the 16S rRNA gene) are now well established but the direct targeting of 16S rRNA, as a potential indicator of activity (4), has received comparatively less attention, due primarily to the lack of suitable protocols for extraction from natural environments.Methods currently employed for DNA extraction vary widely, from direct methods of in situ lysis to indirect methods of initial cell extraction prior to lysis. In both cases, the methods used often include various combinations of bead beating, detergents, enzymatic lysis, and solvent extractions to obtain a crude preparation of nucleic acid (see, e.g., references 5 and 8). The utility of the published methods varies, particularly in soil systems, since inhibitory compounds such as humic acids and clay minerals are often coextracted. Therefore, additional purification procedures are required for successful PCR amplification. These additional steps can prevent the simultaneous extraction of the labile RNA (3) and reduce DNA yield. Reliable extraction methods have been reported for isolation of RNA from soils (2, 3, 11) and other environments (10), but they typically involve multiple steps for purification, rendering them impractical for processing large numbers of samples. Here we describe the first direct method for the rapid coextraction of RNA and DNA from soil for the comparison of bacterial diversity by 16S rRNA reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-PCR. To demonstrate the efficacy and reproducibility of the method, we present the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the diversity of bacterial populations in a humified upland soil based on 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA templates.Sampling and extraction protocol. Replicate cores of a brown forest soil (pH 4.5 to 5.0) were collected from the Sourhope Field Experiment Site in the Scottish Borders (United Kingdom) to a depth of 20 to 25 cm. Each replicate core was divided into four horizons characterized by standard nomenclature (Fh, H, Ah upper, and Ah lower). Prior to nucleic acid extraction, all solutions and glassware were rendered RNase free by diethyl pyrocarbonate...

Soil microbial communities play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning, but it is unknown how co-occurrence networks within these communities respond to disturbances such as climate extremes. This represents an important knowledge gap because changes in microbial networks could have implications for their functioning and vulnerability to future disturbances. Here, we show in grassland mesocosms that drought promotes destabilising properties in soil bacterial, but not fungal, co-occurrence networks, and that changes in bacterial communities link more strongly to soil functioning during recovery than do changes in fungal communities. Moreover, we reveal that drought has a prolonged effect on bacterial communities and their co-occurrence networks via changes in vegetation composition and resultant reductions in soil moisture. Our results provide new insight in the mechanisms through which drought alters soil microbial communities with potential long-term consequences, including future plant community composition and the ability of aboveground and belowground communities to withstand future disturbances.

Despite recognition of the importance of soil bacteria to terrestrial ecosystem functioning there is little consensus on the factors regulating belowground biodiversity. Here we present a multi-scale spatial assessment of soil bacterial community profiles across Great Britain (> 1000 soil cores), and show the first landscape scale map of bacterial distributions across a nation. Bacterial diversity and community dissimilarities, assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, were most strongly related to soil pH providing a large-scale confirmation of the role of pH in structuring bacterial taxa. However, while α diversity was positively related to pH, the converse was true for β diversity (between sample variance in α diversity). β diversity was found to be greatest in acidic soils, corresponding with greater environmental heterogeneity. Analyses of clone libraries revealed the pH effects were predominantly manifest at the level of broad bacterial taxonomic groups, with acidic soils being dominated by few taxa (notably the group 1 Acidobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria). We also noted significant correlations between bacterial communities and most other measured environmental variables (soil chemistry, aboveground features and climatic variables), together with significant spatial correlations at close distances. In particular, bacterial and plant communities were closely related signifying no strong evidence that soil bacteria are driven by different ecological processes to those governing higher organisms. We conclude that broad scale surveys are useful in identifying distinct soil biomes comprising reproducible communities of dominant taxa. Together these results provide a baseline ecological framework with which to pursue future research on both soil microbial function, and more explicit biome based assessments of the local ecological drivers of bacterial biodiversity.