Abstract.A new numerical general circulation ocean model for the Mediterranean Sea has been implemented nested within an Atlantic general circulation model within the framework of the Marine Environment and Security for the European Area project (MERSEA, Desaubies, 2006). A 4-year twin experiment was carried out from January 2004 to December 2007 with two different models to evaluate the impact on the Mediterranean Sea circulation of open lateral boundary conditions in the Atlantic Ocean. One model considers a closed lateral boundary in a large Atlantic box and the other is nested in the same box in a global ocean circulation model. Impact was observed comparing the two simulations with independent observations: ARGO for temperature and salinity profiles and tide gauges and along-track satellite observations for the sea surface height. The improvement in the nested Atlantic-Mediterranean model with respect to the closed one is particularly evident in the salinity characteristics of the Modified Atlantic Water and in the Mediterranean sea level seasonal variability.
A multimodel system for the Mediterranean region improves simulation of physical processes involved in the complex, intricate interaction of land, air, and sea.
Abstract. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of
NO2 changes across the main European urban areas induced by COVID-19
lockdowns using satellite retrievals from the Tropospheric Monitoring
Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5p satellite, surface site
measurements, and simulations from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring
Service (CAMS) regional ensemble of air quality models. Some recent
TROPOMI-based estimates of changes in atmospheric NO2 concentrations
have neglected the influence of weather variability between the reference
and lockdown periods. Here we provide weather-normalized estimates based on
a machine learning method (gradient boosting) along with an assessment of
the biases that can be expected from methods that omit the influence of
weather. We also compare the weather-normalized satellite-estimated NO2
column changes with weather-normalized surface NO2 concentration
changes and the CAMS regional ensemble, composed of 11 models, using
recently published estimates of emission reductions induced by the lockdown.
All estimates show similar NO2 reductions. Locations where the lockdown
measures were stricter show stronger reductions, and, conversely, locations
where softer measures were implemented show milder reductions in NO2
pollution levels. Average reduction estimates based on either satellite
observations (−23 %), surface stations (−43 %), or models (−32 %) are
presented, showing the importance of vertical sampling but also the
horizontal representativeness. Surface station estimates are significantly
changed when sampled to the TROPOMI overpasses (−37 %), pointing out the
importance of the variability in time of such estimates. Observation-based
machine learning estimates show a stronger temporal variability than
model-based estimates.
Abstract.The EURODELTA-Trends multi-model chemistry-transport experiment has been designed to facilitate a better understanding of the evolution of air pollution and its drivers for the period 1990-2010 in Europe. The main objective of the experiment is to assess the efficiency of air pollutant emissions mitigation measures in improving regional-scale air quality.The present paper formulates the main scientific questions and policy issues being addressed by the EURODELTATrends modelling experiment with an emphasis on how the design and technical features of the modelling experiment answer these questions.The experiment is designed in three tiers, with increasing degrees of computational demand in order to facilitate the participation of as many modelling teams as possible. The basic experiment consists of simulations for the years 1990, 2000, and 2010. Sensitivity analysis for the same three years using various combinations of (i) anthropogenic emisPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Eight chemistry-transport models have contributed with calculation results to at least one experiment tier, and five models have -to date -completed the full set of simulations (and 21-year trend calculations have been performed by four models). The modelling results are publicly available for further use by the scientific community.The main expected outcomes are (i) an evaluation of the models' performances for the three reference years, (ii) an evaluation of the skill of the models in capturing observed air pollution trends for the 1990-2010 time period, (iii) attribution analyses of the respective role of driving factors (e.g. emissions, boundary conditions, meteorology), (iv) a dataset based on a multi-model approach, to provide more robust model results for use in impact studies related to human health, ecosystem, and radiative forcing.
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