The phytochemical analysis of methanol and chloroform extracts of Umbilicaria cylindrica was determined by HPLC-UV method. The predominant phenolic compound in both extracts was depsidone, salazinic acid (1). Besides salazinic acid, the tested extracts of U. cylindrica contain norstictic acid (2), methyl-β-orcinol carboxylate (3), ethyl haematommate (4), atranorin (5), and usnic acid (6), in different amounts and relations. The lichen extracts showed comparable and strong antioxidant activity, exhibited higher DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavengings, chelating activity, and inhibitory activity towards lipid peroxidation. The lichen extracts demonstrated important antimicrobial activity against eight strains with MIC values from 15.62 to 62.50 μg/mL. This is the first report of the detail chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the lichen Umbilicaria cylindrica, and the results suggest that this lichen can be used as a new source of the natural antioxidants and the substances with antimicrobial features.

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occurring from western Europe and northwestern Africa to western China, with the center of species diversity on the Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey. Many crocuses are known as popular ornamentals, and saffron, the dried styles of C. sativus L., is one of the world's most expensive spices. Molecular systematic studies (Petersen et al., 2008;Seberg and Petersen, 2009;Harpke et al., 2013) recently showed that several of the infrageneric taxonomic units of Mathew's (1982) revision of the genus are not monophyletic. Among them is series Reticulati B.Mathew of section Nudiscapus B.Mathew, with species occurring in the phylogenetic trees in clades intermingled with taxa of series Biflori B.Mathew and series Speciosi B.Mathew. Traditionally, within C. reticulatus, a species described from the Caucasus (Weber and Mohr, 1805), 2 subspecies are recognized on morphological grounds: subsp. reticulatus and subsp. hittiticus (T.Baytop & B.Mathew) B.Mathew (Mathew, 1982), occurring from Italy to southwestern Russia and Turkey. However, according to Mathew, subsp. reticulatus is highly heterogeneous, including 3 cytotypes with 2n = 10, 12, and 14 chromosomes. Under subsp. reticulatus Mathew (1982) subsumed as synonyms several taxa, such as, for instance, C. micranthus and C. variegatus. To arrive at a systematic treatment of Crocus that reflects natural relationships among taxa we are currently analyzing and circumscribing monophyletic units of the genus (Kerndorff et al., 2013;Harpke et al., 2014). Here we provide data for the C. reticulatus species group in its new definition based on 2 molecular data sets and morphological characters.Molecular markers are able to provide higher numbers of qualitative characters for closely related taxa

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The present study describes in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts which were obtained from the leaves and twigs of the plant Daphne cneorum L. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was tested against human pathogenic microorganisms using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Total phenolics and flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined. The two tested extracts showed good antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The results of a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method showed that 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin is one of the most abundant secondary metabolite in the tested extracts. The results of this study clearly indicated that the extracts of D. cneorum could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents