This synthesis is framed within the scope of the Brazilian Benthic Coastal Habitat Monitoring Network (ReBentos WG 4: Mangroves and Salt Marshes), focusing on papers that examine biodiversity-climate interactions as well as human-induced factors including those that decrease systemic resilience. The goal is to assess difficulties related to the detection of climate and early warning signals from monitoring data. We also explored ways to circumvent some of the obstacles identified. Exposure and sensitivity of mangrove and salt marsh species and ecosystems make them extremely vulnerable to environmental impacts and potential indicators of sea level and climate-driven environmental change. However, the interpretation of shifts in mangroves and salt marsh species and systemic attributes must be scrutinized considering local and setting-level energy signature changes; including disturbance regime and local stressors, since these vary widely on a regional scale. The potential for adaptation and survival in response to climate change depends, in addition to the inherent properties of species, on contextual processes at the local, landscape, and regional levels that support resilience. Regardless of stressor type, because of the convergence of social and ecological processes, coastal zones should be targeted for anticipatory action to reduce risks and to integrate these ecosystems into adaptation strategies. Management must be grounded on proactive mitigation and collaborative action based on long-term ecosystem-based studies and well-designed monitoring programs that can 1) provide real-time early warning and 2) close the gap between simple correlations that provide weak inferences and process-based approaches that can yield increasingly reliable attribution and improved levels of anticipation.
gaps by developing a global model of mangrove associated fisher numbers and mangrove fishing intensity. To develop the model, we undertook a three-round Delphi process with mangrove fisheries experts to identify the key drivers of mangrove fishing intensity. We then developed a conceptual model of intensity of mangrove fishing using those factors identified both as being important and for which appropriate global data could be found or developed. These factors were non-urban population, distance to market, distance to mangroves and other fishing grounds, and storm events. By projecting this conceptual model using geospatial datasets, we were able to estimate the number and distribution of mangrove associated fishers and the intensity of fishing in mangroves. We estimate there are 4.1 million mangrove associated fishers globally, with the highest number of mangrove fishers found in Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Brazil. Mangrove fishing intensity was greatest throughout Asia, and to a lesser extent West and Central Africa, and Central and South America.
No litoral Norte e na Baixada Santista as análises espaço-temporais revelaram importantes alterações de origem antrópica na paisagem ao longo do tempo. No litoral Norte destaca-se o incremento de casas de veraneio instaladas sobre a vegetação de manguezal e de restinga, ambas áreas de preservação permanente. Na Baixada Santista, trecho sul do Canal da Bertioga, observou-se que a expansão da mancha urbana e introdução de estruturas náuticas geraram redução e fragmentação da área inicial da vegetação. Ainda na Baixada Santista, Ilha Barnabé, observou-se a construção de rodovia e ferrovia, expansão portuária e retificação de canal provocando perda de extensas áreas de manguezal por aterros, alagamentos, cortes de vegetação e alterações da hidrodinâmica local. No Litoral Sul, encontram-se os manguezais mais conservados do Estado de São Paulo. Nesse segmento do litoral as diferentes ferramentas de escalas espaço-temporais mostraram que os bosques de mangue respondem positivamente à importante deposição sedimentar nas faces convexas dos canais lagunares, característica desse segmento. Novos bosques de mangue foram identificados e monitorados, em parcelas fixas, ao longo do tempo. Conclui-se que os manguezais do Estado de São Paulo sofreram distintas alterações ao longo do tempo, em função de cada trecho de segmento de costa. Os diversos estudos de caso analisados fornecem informações das alterações espaçotemporais na paisagem e nos bosques de mangue. A aplicação das ferramentas utilizadas no presente estudo contribuiu para a obtenção de grande número de informações sobre dinâmica e as alterações antrópicas dos manguezais, as quais são imprescindíveis para a elaboração de planos de gestão e conservação da zona costeira do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), com vistas à conservação da paisagem e dos recursos naturais.
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