Our data reinforce the role of an altered skin barrier in the pathogenesis of AD. Our results show not only reduced expression of filaggrin and claudin 1 in lesional atopic skin but also inverse correlation of filaggrin expression and disease severity. Moreover, elevation of in situ IL-17 and of circulating interleukin levels in AD emphasize the systemic, inflammatory profile of this defective skin barrier dermatosis.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex
pathogenesis, where changes in skin barrier and imbalance of the immune system
are relevant factors. The skin forms a mechanic and immune barrier, regulating
water loss from the internal to the external environment, and protecting the
individual from external aggressions, such as microorganisms, ultraviolet
radiation and physical trauma. Main components of the skin barrier are located
in the outer layers of the epidermis (such as filaggrin), the proteins that form
the tight junction (TJ) and components of the innate immune system. Recent data
involving skin barrier reveal new information regarding its structure and its
role in the mechanic-immunological defense; atopic dermatitis (AD) is an example
of a disease related to dysfunctions associated with this complex.
BACKGROUND
Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory and pruritic dermatosis
with a multifactorial etiology, which includes skin barrier defects, immune
dysfunction, and microbiome alterations. Atopic dermatitis is mediated by
genetic, environmental, and psychological factors and requires therapeutic
management that covers all the aspects of its complex pathogenesis.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this article is to present the experience, opinions, and
recommendations of Brazilian dermatology experts regarding the therapeutic
management of atopic dermatitis.
METHODS
Eighteen experts from 10 university hospitals with experience in atopic
dermatitis were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology to
organize a consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. The
18 experts answered an online questionnaire with 14 questions related to the
treatment of atopic dermatitis. Afterwards, they analyzed the recent
international guidelines on atopic dermatitis of the American Academy of
Dermatology, published in 2014, and of the European Academy of Dermatology
and Venereology, published in 2018. Consensus was defined as approval by at
least 70% of the panel.
RESULTS/CONCLUSION
The experts stated that the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis is
based on skin hydration, topical anti-inflammatory agents, avoidance of
triggering factors, and educational programs. Systemic therapy, based on
immunosuppressive agents, is only indicated for severe refractory disease
and after failure of topical therapy. Early detection and treatment of
secondary bacterial and viral infections is mandatory, and hospitalization
may be needed to control atopic dermatitis flares. Novel target-oriented
drugs such as immunobiologicals are invaluable therapeutic agents for atopic
dermatitis.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a disease that can have a high impact on quality of life, especially due to itch and skin pain. This paper utilizes expertise from members of the International Society of Atopic Dermatitis (ISAD)/Oriented Patient‐Education Network in Dermatology (OPENED) task force to review the epidemiology, pathophysiology and exacerbating factors of itch and pain in atopic dermatitis. General principles of treatment are provided, as well as a more detailed evaluation of topical and systemic therapies. Educational and psychological approaches to itch and pain in atopic dermatitis are proposed, along with expert recommendations for the management of itch and pain in atopic dermatitis.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated skin disease characterized by skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Interleukin (IL)-22, in cooperation with IL-17, triggers antimicrobial peptide elaboration and enhances certain immunological responses. In AD, IL-22 is related to epidermal hyperplasia, keratinocyte apoptosis, and inhibition of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production. We aimed to evaluate the impact of staphylococcal enterotoxins on the Tc22/Th22 induction in the peripheral blood of AD patients and on CD4+/CD8+ T cells expressing IL-22 in AD skin. Our study showed inhibition of the staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB) response by Th22 (CD4+IL-22+IL-17A−IFN-γ−) cells in AD patients. In contrast, Tc22 (CD8+IL-22+IL-17A−IFN-γ−) cells were less susceptible to the inhibitory effects of staphylococcal enterotoxins and exhibited an enhanced response to the bacterial stimuli. In AD skin, we detected increased IL-22 transcript expression and T lymphocytes expressing IL-22. Together, our results provide two major findings in response to staphylococcal enterotoxins in adults with AD: dysfunctional CD4+ IL-22 secreting T cells and increased Tc22 cells. Our hypothesis reinforces the relevance of CD8 T cells modulated by staphylococcal enterotoxins as a potential source of IL-22 in adults with AD, which is relevant for the maintenance of immunological imbalance.
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