This study investigated possible prenatal and neonatal variables that may influence the prevalence of tooth enamel hypoplasia in preterm and low birth weight children (LBW) and a matched control group of term children with normal birth weight (NBW). The study sample consisted of 61 children born preterm and with LBW examined at 18-34 months of age. The control group was formed by 61 infants born full term and with NBW examined at 31-35 months of age. All children were born at the Center of Integrated Attention of Women's Health (CAISM-UNICAMP). FDI criteria were followed for dental examination. Medical data was collected retrospectively from hospital records. Among preterms, 57.4% had some type of developmental defects of enamel (DDE), 52.5 % had opacities and 21.3 % presented hypoplasia. Among full-term children, 24.6% presented DDE, 24.6% had opacities and 3.3% had hypoplasia. LBW preterm infants presented a higher prevalence of hypoplasia than NBW controls. The deciduous teeth most affected by hypoplasia were maxillary incisors. There was no significant association with prenatal variables; among neonatal variables there was a significant association with respiratory distress syndrome and neurological examination at discharge with an altered result.
-We studied 11 patients (9 males) with cytogenetic diagnosis of fragile X syndrome (FXS) with the purpose of investigating the neural circuitry involved in this condition. The ages ranged from 8 to 19. All the individuals presented large ears, elongated faces and autistic features. Ten patients had severe mental retardation. Attention disorder was found in 10 individuals. Electroencephalographic recordings were abnormal in 6 of 10 patients examined, showing focal epileptiform discharges predominantly in frontal and parietal areas. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging studies which were abnormal in 8 of them. The most important abnormalities were reduction of the cerebellar vermis and enlargement of the IV ventricle. Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) was performed in 7 patients and was abnormal in all of them, the most frequent finding being a hypoperfusion of the inferior portions of the frontal lobes. Based on the clinical picture, neuropsychological findings and functional and structural imaging studies we suggest that FXS presents with a dysfunction involving a large area of the central nervous system: cerebellum -basal frontal regions -parietal lobes. The literature points to a disturbance involving the same neural circuitry in patients with autism.KEY WORDS: fragile X syndrome, MRI, SPECT, autism. Síndrome do X frágil: características clínicas, eletrencefalográficas e de imagemRESUMO -Estudamos 11 pacientes (9 do sexo masculino) com diagnóstico citogenético de síndrome do X frágil (SXF) com o objetivo de se investigar o circuito neuronal afetado nesta entidade. As idades variaram de 8 a 19 anos. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram pavilhões auriculares grandes, faces alongadas e traços autistas. Dez deles tinham retardo mental grave. Detectou-se a presença de distúrbio da atenção em 10 pacientes. O eletrencefalograma revelou-se anormal em 6 de 10 indivíduos examinados, mostrando descargas epileptiformes focais predominantemente em áreas frontais e parietais. Todos foram submetidos a ressonância magnética craniana que se revelou anormal em 8. As anormalidades mais importantes foram redução do verme cerebelar e aumento do IV ventrículo. Realizou-se tomografia por emissão de photon único (SPECT) em 7 pacientes. Todos os exames estavam alterados sendo o principal achado a hipoperfusão das porções inferiores dos lobos frontais. Com base no quadro clínico, achados neuropsicológicos e resultados dos exames funcionais e de imagem, sugerimos que a SXF apresenta disfunção de ampla rede neuronal: cerebelo -regiões fronto basais -lobos parietais. A literatura aponta para a presença de distúrbio envolvendo o mesmo circuito neuronal em pacientes autistas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: síndrome do X frágil, RM, SPECT, autismo.
RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o neurodesenvolvimento de lactentes nascidos a termo, com peso adequado (AIG) ou pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG), no 2º mês de vida. Av a l i a r a mse 67 lactentes: 43 AIG e 24 PIG, utilizando as Bayley Scales of Infant Development. O Index Score (IS) nas Escalas Mental e Motora foi significativamente menor no grupo PIG. Considerando a proporcionalidade corporal (Grupos Controle, Assimétrico e PIG-Simétrico), houve diferença significativa na Escala Motora (p=0,003), com menores pontuações no grupo PIG-Simétrico. Comparados aos percentis de IS do grupo Controle, na Escala Mental, houve diferença entre os grupos Assimétrico X PIG-Simétrico; na Escala Motora, houve diferença entre os grupos Assimétrico X Controle (p=0,039) e PIG-Simétrico X Controle (p=0,0007); não houve diferença entre os grupos Assimétrico e PIG-Simétrico, ambos apresentando menores pontuações que o grupo Controle.PA L AV R A S -C H AVE: pequeno para a idade gestacional, desenvolvimento infantil, desnutrição intra-uterina.Neurodevelopment of full-term small-for-gestacional age infants in the second month of life ABSTRACT -The objective of the present study was to assess and to compare the neurodevelopment of full-term adequate (AGA) or small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants in the second month of life. Sixty-seven infants were evaluated: 43 AGA and 24 SGA, making use of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The SGA group Index Score (IS) was significantly lower in Mental and Motor Scales. Considering the body proportionality (Asymmetric, Symmetric-SGA and Control group) there was difference in Motor Scale (p=0.003) with lower scores in the Symmetric-SGA group. Comparing to the Control group IS percentiles, in Mental Scale there was difference between Asymmetric X Symmetric-SGA; in Motor Scale, there was difference between the Asymmetric X Control (p=0.039) and Symmetric-SGA X Control (p=0.007) groups; there was no difference between Asymmetric and Symmetric-SGA although both exhibited lower scores than the Control group.KEY WORDS: small-for-gestational age, infant development, intrauterine malnutrition.O termo restrição do crescimento intra-uterino (RCIU) é freqüentemente mal interpretado em obstetrícia. O recém-nascido (RN) com RCIU é definido como aquele que não atingiu seu crescimento potencial genético intra-uterino, sugerindo um processo patológico durante a vida fetal 1 . Estudos mais recentes mostram a tendência à utilização do termo pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG) para os fetos ou RN que falharam em atingir o padrão de peso ou antropométrico arbitrário para determinada idade gestacional 1 . Não obstante, os termos RCIU e PIG são, com freqüência, utilizados como sinônimos e os mesmos limites estatísticos são utilizados para sua identificação. No entanto, cabe destacar a possibilidade de alguns neonatos PIG serem apenas constitucionalmente pequenos, quando analisados segundo seu potencial genético de crescimento, representando a porção final da curva de distribuição n...
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