Increasing evidence suggests that high consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in non-communicable diseases, overweight and obesity. The present study systematically reviewed all observational studies that investigated the association between UPF consumption and health status. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted, and reference lists of included articles were checked. Only cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies were included. At the end of the selection process, twenty-three studies (ten cross-sectional and thirteen prospective cohort studies) were included in the systematic review. As regards the cross-sectional studies, the highest UPF consumption was associated with a significant increase in the risk of overweight/obesity (+39 %), high waist circumference (+39 %), low HDL-cholesterol levels (+102 %) and the metabolic syndrome (+79 %), while no significant associations with hypertension, hyperglycaemia or hypertriacylglycerolaemia were observed. For prospective cohort studies evaluating a total population of 183 491 participants followed for a period ranging from 3·5 to 19 years, highest UPF consumption was found to be associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in five studies (risk ratio (RR) 1·25, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·37; P < 0·00001), increased risk of CVD in three studies (RR 1·29, 95 % CI 1·12, 1·48; P = 0·0003), cerebrovascular disease in two studies (RR 1·34, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·68; P = 0·01) and depression in two studies (RR 1·20, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·40; P = 0·02). In conclusion, increased UPF consumption was associated, although in a limited number of studies, with a worse cardiometabolic risk profile and a higher risk of CVD, cerebrovascular disease, depression and all-cause mortality.

Le chiediamo pochi minuti del suo tempo per compilare questo questionario che ci servirà a comprendere il consumo di alimenti ultra-processati nella popolazione italiana.Compilando il questionario, le chiediamo di considerare le sue abitudini alimentari nell'arco dell'ultimo anno e, per ogni alimento, di considerare sia la frequenza di consumo che le quantità medie consumate ogni qualvolta ha mangiato quell'alimento. Qui sotto le mettiamo un esempio del questionario e delle possibili risposte:☞ Nel caso di consumo inferiore ad una volta al mese, contrassegni solo la prima casella senza indicare la quantità; ☞ Nel caso di consumo superiore ad una volta al mese, contrassegni anche la casella relativa alla quantità consumata in termini di porzione media in ogni occasione di consumo; ☞ Nel caso di consumo giornaliero, indichi con un numero anche le volte al giorno che lo ha consumato.Se utilizza gli alimenti per preparare ricette specifiche (che non trova nell'elenco) può considerare i singoli alimenti nelle relative sezioni ed indicarne la frequenza di consumo e le quantità consumate. Nel caso in cui non dovesse trovare nella lista alcuni alimenti che consuma o utilizza abitualmente, nell'ultima pagina troverà una sezione nella quale poterli inserire.Se ha modificato la sua dieta per motivi di salute o personali per brevi periodi di tempo, le ricordiamo di compilare il questionario riferendosi alla sua abituale alimentazione.

EOs showed intracellular mechanisms of action and, thus, the efflux pumps inhibitor addition could boost their activity.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the possible relationship between chronotype, sleeping, and eating patterns in 74 Italian adults (71.6% women). Based on Morningness-Eveningness Questionnare (MEQ) score, participants were classified as morning (n ¼ 24), intermediate (n ¼ 25), and evening (n ¼ 25) chronotypes. From analysis, no significant differences among chronotypes emerged for sleep habits. As to eating behaviours, the evening subjects showed a significant (p < 0.05) shift towards later hours of the day in the consumption of all meals, except dinner. In addition, the evening subjects had a later midpoint of energy intake (EI) of about 35 min and 1 h (p < 0.001), respectively, than the intermediate and morning subjects. Analysing the diet quality, morning subjects reported significantly (p ¼ 0.030) lower consumption of sweets and sweeteners, and significantly (p ¼ 0.035) lower intake of ultra-processed fats and seasonings. Evening subjects showed a significant delay in EI during the day, while morning subjects reported a better-quality diet.