As técnicas de construção com terra têm alta relevância histórica e contemporânea para a produção da arquitetura em toda a área andina. É um conjunto diversificado de práticas e conhecimentos, integrado a uma cultura construtiva que é inseparável de outros aspectos da vida social. Essa cultura construtiva não é uma totalidade homogênea, mas apresenta variações locais importantes, dentro de uma concepção dinâmica. Neste trabalho, será proposta uma abordagem sobre as culturas construtivas na região andina, com base no estudo realizado em comunidades no atual norte da Argentina. O objetivo é analisar práticas e procedimentos em escala regional e local, considerando a construção como um fato social profundamente enraizado nas práticas pastorais e agrícolas, entre outras dimensões. Serão consideradas as variações na região e a maneira como essas práticas foram transformadas ao longo do tempo, com base na proposição de que a tradição não é um fato estático, mas sim a atualização das práticas históricas no presente. O material a ser apresentado surgiu das investigações individuais e coletivas realizadas pela equipe do Laboratório de Arquiteturas Andinas e Construção com Terra, que compartilham, em termos metodológicos, uma abordagem etnográfica para reconhecer pontos de vista locais sobre as práticas de construção.
The "cardón", Trichocereus atacamensis, is an emblematic species in the Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina). However, although data can be found scattered throughout the literature, its ethnobotany has never been studied in depth. The aim of the present paper is to conduct a comprehensive ethnobotanical study of T. atacamensis in the Department of Tilcara (Jujuy, Argentina), among members of the Kolla people, to shed light on the complex interrelations between this human group and the "cardón". The information collected includes narratives, uses, knowledge of the morphology, qualities, ecological and phenological distribution, details of the role of these cacti in the area and other aspects on the relationship between the plants and the people. Results suggest that the phytosanitary state of both the "cardones" and the study area is of concern, and that the very close links with the "cardón", in accordance with traditional cultural patterns and conceptions, are fiercely maintained despite the socioenvironmental changes. This study also highlights the pressing need to devise strategies to gain a better insight into the phytosanitary state of the "cardones" and their habitat, and thus safeguard local relations and knowledge associated with them. El "cardón", Trichocereus atacamensis es una especie emblemática en la Quebrada de Humahuaca. Si bien hay datos dispersos en la literatura, hasta hoy su etnobotánica no ha sido foco de investigaciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar un estudio etnobotánico integral sobre Trichocereus atacamensis en el departamento Tilcara (Jujuy, Argentina), con pobladores kollas, para dar luz sobre las complejas interrelaciones entre este grupo humano y los "cardones". La información reunida incluye narrativas, usos, saberes sobre la morfología, cualidades, distribución ecológica y fenología, detalles del rol de estos cactus en la zona y otros aspectos relacionados a los vínculos de la gente con estas plantas. Los resultados sugieren que el estado fitosanitario de los "cardones" y de la zona de estudio es preocupante. Se concluye que los lazos con el "cardón" son estrechos, acordes a pautas y concepciones culturales
1. We assessed the host-related niche breadth for D. koepferae and D. buzzatii, a pair of sibling cactophilic species with contrasting backgrounds of host use. We tested for the 'Jack of all trades-Master of none' scenario predicting a more evident exhibition in D. buzzatii rather than in the supposedly specialist D. koepferae.2. Additionally, using laboratory strains of both species selected for tolerance to extremely high concentrations of a columnar cacti's secondary metabolites, we tested whether adaptation to a high-demanding host involved the loss of performance capabilities in other hosts.3. D. buzzatii was more affected by the artificial host shifts than D. koepferae which presented an overall better performance when rearing in novel columnar hosts.4. Artificially selected strains of D. buzzatii performed poorer in both novel and native natural hosts compared with control strain indicating that adaptation carried associated costs regarding the potential to exploit other cacti. Conversely, artificial evolution of the D. koepferae's strains did not translate into decreased performance in other hosts.5. D. buzzatii complied better with the predictions of the Jack of all trades-Master of none hypothesis.6. Host specialization is a dynamic feature in the repleta group and a major driver of diversification in its evolutionary history. As the group presents an Opuntia breeder as the ancestral condition, D. buzzatii would represent not only a plesiomorphic state of host use but also the ancestral ecological strategy of specialization.
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