Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos Archipelago), like many other tourist islands, is currently experiencing an exponential increase in tourism and local population growth, jeopardizing current and future water supply. An accurate assessment of the future water supply/demand balance is crucial to capital investment for water infrastructure. This paper aims to present five intervention strategies, which are suggested to solve the future water crisis. The strategies combined include environmentally sustainable options such as rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and water demand management, as well as desalination. These strategies were evaluated under four population growth scenarios (very fast, fast, moderate and slow growths) by using several Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) including water demand, leakage levels, total costs, energy consumption, rainwater delivered and greywater recycled. Moreover, it also aims to develop a methodology for similar islands, using the WaterMet 2 modelling approach, a tool for integrated of sustainable-based performance of urban water systems. The results obtained show that by 2044 only a small portion of the future water demand can be covered assuming business as usual. Therefore, desalination seems to be the most viable option in order to mitigate the lack of water at the end of the planning period considering the growth trends. However, strategies comprising more environmentally friendly alternatives may be sufficient, but only under slow population growth scenarios.
Data on medium‐ to large‐scale canal irrigation systems in the Philippines suggest that rehabilitation projects were not sufficient to close the gap between actual area irrigated and irrigation service area. This study analysed the underlying details of various rehabilitation and improvement works in three canal irrigation systems to identify an effective approach to close this gap. The findings show that the rehabilitation works generally focused on maintaining the original canals. Canal lining was the most common improvement work. The planning and design process adopted lacked revalidation of design criteria and assumptions used in the original system design. It did not have the benefit of diagnostic assessment studies. No technical assessments of water supply adequacy for proposed projects were carried out. The findings also indicate that the potential for increasing the actual area irrigated lay in augmentation of water supply, reuse of drainage water, use of adjustable gates at major water distribution points and strategic timing of irrigation schedules between tertiary areas to adapt to prevailing hydrological regimes. Consideration of these findings and an increased attention to consistency among available water supply, irrigation demand, physical design of structures and a realistic operational plan can greatly enhance the impacts of the irrigation modernisation plan in the Philippines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
I am also indebted to the Philippine Government and the Netherlands Government for the financial support to my PhD study. I thank my host institution, UNESCO-IHE, for the vibrant and stimulating academic atmosphere. Also to Maria Romero Vink and family for generosity and kindness they have shown me during my stay in the Netherlands. To my parents and siblings, for their presence in my life no matter what. 2 Modernisation strategy for the national irrigation systems in the Philippines
The consistent gap between the irrigation service area and irrigated areas of national irrigation systems has been attributed to shortcomings either in design, technology, system operation, maintenance and management, policy, climate change, or a combination of these factors. Conventional rehabilitation, which mainly involves restoration of irrigation structures, has had little impact in closing this gap. This study examined the irrigation technology and water management techniques employed in two national irrigation systems. Its objectives were to identify technology constraints, cost‐effective improvement practices and the potential for improving system performance with an end view of formulating a relevant modernization approach for national irrigation systems. The study used a logical design framework, field measurements and selected procedures of the Mapping System and Services for Canal Operation Techniques (MASSCOTE) as analytical tools. The findings show that inconsistencies among the design philosophy, system and operational objectives, flow control structures and water supply of the irrigation systems are root causes of their suboptimal performance. Careful consideration of the logical coherence among the selected irrigation technologies, water distribution techniques and water supply availability would form a crucial part of a relevant irrigation modernization planning for the case study systems and other irrigation systems in similar situations. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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