The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying drought acclimation in coffee plants by the identification of candidate genes (CGs) using different approaches. The first approach used the data generated during the Brazilian Coffee expressed sequence tag (EST) project to select 13 CGs by an in silico analysis (electronic northern). The second approach was based on screening macroarrays spotted with plasmid DNA (coffee ESTs) with separate hybridizations using leaf cDNA probes from drought-tolerant and susceptible clones of Coffea canephora var. Conilon, grown under different water regimes. This allowed the isolation of seven additional CGs. The third approach used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify proteins displaying differential accumulation in leaves of drought-tolerant and susceptible clones of C. canephora. Six of them were characterized by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry) and the corresponding proteins were identified. Finally, additional CGs were selected from the literature, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to analyse the expression of all identified CGs. Altogether, >40 genes presenting differential gene expression during drought acclimation were identified, some of them showing different expression profiles between drought-tolerant and susceptible clones. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that factors involved a complex network of responses probably involving the abscisic signalling pathway and nitric oxide are major molecular determinants that might explain the better efficiency in controlling stomata closure and transpiration displayed by drought-tolerant clones of C. canephora.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e obter as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e não genéticos de 40 materiais genéticos do programa de melhoramento genético de café Conilon do Incaper, no Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram analisados dados de dois experimentos, nos municípios de Marilândia e Sooretama, ES, nas safras de 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 e 2002, em que se avaliaram 16 características. Realizou-se, inicialmente, a análise de variância individual, por local em cada ano, com base na média de parcelas, em blocos ao acaso. Posteriormente foi feita a análise de variância conjunta. Os genótipos apresentaram grande variabilidade genética para a maioria das características avaliadas. Os elevados coeficientes de determinação genotípico e coeficientes de variação genéticos, associados às altas produtividades e à variabilidade genética indicam a possibilidade de obtenção de êxitos em programas de melhoramento genético para diferentes características avaliadas nos dois municípios.
The multilevel value added approach to measuring school effectiveness is now widely used. We propose a method to adjust for measurement error to investigate the extent to which this changes school effect estimates. It is applied to longitudinal data collected in the region of Cova da Beira (NUT III) for 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 8th grades. Three different variance component models are considered, depending on the predictor variables included. Assuming measurement error occurs in explanatory and/or response variables, corrections are made for different values of the coefficient of reliability. Moreover, models are fitted under the assumption of either independent or correlated measurement errors.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a divergência genética entre 32 clones de café conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Frohener) componentes de três variedades clonais melhoradas, com vistas à identificação dos mais dissimilares, para o estabelecimento de programas de cruzamentos dirigidos. A divergência genética foi avaliada por procedimentos multivariados: distância generalizada de Mahalanobis, método de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher e técnica de variáveis canônicas. Sete caracteres foram avaliados em experimento conduzido em Marilândia, ES. Os genótipos ES 92, ES 25 e ES 22 são os mais divergentes, sendo os dois últimos os mais indicados para cruzamento com os demais, tendo em vista aliarem divergência genética a um bom desempenho produtivo.Termos para indexação: Coffea canephora, genitores, hibridação, variação genética, análises multivariadas.
Genetic divergence in conilon coffeeAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic divergence between 32 clones of three clonal varieties of conilon coffee, to identify the most dissimilar for the establishment of programs of directed crosses. Genetic divergence was evaluated by multivariate procedures: generalized Mahalanobis distance, the grouping optimization method of Tocher and the technique of canonical variables. Seven characteristics were evaluated in one trial conducted in Marilândia, ES, Brazil. Genotypes ES 92, ES 25 and ES 22 are the most divergent; the last two are the most appropriate for crossing and to obtain hybrids of improved performance by using genetic divergence for good productive performance.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma metodologia de análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de genótipos de café baseada em regressão não paramétrica. A técnica utilizada difere das demais, pois reduz a infl uência na estimação do parâmetro de adaptabilidade de algum ponto extremo, ocasionado pela presença de genótipos com respostas demasiadamente diferenciadas a determinado ambiente. Foram utilizados dados provenientes de um experimento sobre produtividade média de grãos de 40 genótipos de café (Coffea canephora), com delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. Os genótipos foram avaliados em cinco anos (1996, 1998, 1999, 2000 e 2001), em dois locais (Sooretama e Marilândia, ES) no total de dez ambientes. A metodologia proposta demonstrou ser adequada e efi ciente, pois extingue os efeitos impróprios induzidos pela presença de pontos extremos e evita a recomendação incorreta de genótipos quanto à adaptabilidade.Termos para indexação: Coffea canephora, análise estatística, interação genótipo x ambiente, melhoramento genético, pontos extremos.
Adaptability and stability based on nonparametric regression in coffee genotypesAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate a methodology of phenotypic adaptability and stability analyses of coffee genotypes based on nonparametric regression. The technique used differs from other techniques because it reduces the infl uence of extreme points resulting from the presence of genotypes whose answers to a certain environment are too different on the estimation of the adaptability parameter. Data from an experiment studying the average yield of 40 coffee (Coffea canephora) genotypes in a randomized block design with six replicates were used to evaluate the method. The genotypes were evaluated along fi ve years (1996, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001) in two locations (Sooretama and Marilândia, ES, Brazil), in a total of ten environments. The methodology proposed proved adequate and effi cient, since it eliminates the disproportionate effects induced by the presence of extreme points and avoids misleading recommendations of genotypes in terms of adaptability.
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