The complex pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) generates a spectrum of phenotypes with a wide variety of inflammatory states. We enrolled 44 very-likely-to-be type 2 CRSwNP patients in order to evaluate the load of inflammation and to analyze human interleukins in nasal secretion. Clinical data were collected to evaluate the severity of the disease. High levels of IL-5, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-33 were detected in all type 2 CRSwNP patients. By analyzing type 2 cytokine profiles and local eosinophil count, we identified two coherent clusters: the first was characterized by high levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and a high-grade eosinophil count (type 2-high); the second had lower levels of cytokines and poor or absent eosinophilic inflammation (type-2 low). IL-5 levels were significantly higher within the type 2 cytokine and it was the most reliable biomarker for differentiating the two clusters. In type 2-high inflammatory profile clinical scores, the mean number of previous surgeries and need for systemic corticosteroids were significantly higher compared to type 2-low. Our research demonstrated the potential role of type 2 biomarkers, and in particular, of IL-5 in identifying patients with a more severe phenotype based on a high inflammatory load.
SUMMARY Objective We analysed calprotectin in sinonasal secretions of different chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) endotypes to assess its role as a biomarker of non-type 2 inflammation. Methods We included primary diffuse CRSwNP patients (n = 41) and three different control groups [non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) (n = 13), non-allergic eosinophilic syndrome (NARES) (n = 10) and healthy subjects (n = 12)]. Calprotectin levels were detected in nasal secretions using a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Results Calprotectin levels in nasal secretions were significantly higher in all non-type 2 endotypes of CRSwNP compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, in type-2 CRSwNP calprotectin was significantly lower compared to controls (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between calprotectin levels and neutrophilic count/HPF was found in CRSwNP (p < 0.01). Clinically, mean levels of calprotectin and neutrophilia were significantly higher in patients who previously underwent 3 or more endoscopic sinus surgeries (p < 0.05). Conclusions Calprotectin in nasal secretions may be a biomarker of non-type 2 inflammation. Low levels of calprotectin are indicative of a type-2 immune response in both CRSwNP and non-allergic rhinitis. We observed that calprotectin levels significantly increased based on the number of previous surgeries.
Objective. We analysed calprotectin in sinonasal secretions of different chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) endotypes to assess its role as a biomarker of non-type 2 inflammation. Methods. We included primary diffuse CRSwNP patients (n = 41) and three different control groups [non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) (n = 13), non-allergic eosinophilic syndrome (NARES) (n = 10) and healthy subjects (n = 12)]. Calprotectin levels were detected in nasal secretions using a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Results. Calprotectin levels in nasal secretions were significantly higher in all non-type 2 endotypes of CRSwNP compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, in type-2 CRSwNP calprotectin was significantly lower compared to controls (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between calprotectin levels and neutrophilic count/HPF was found in CRSwNP (p < 0.01). Clinically, mean levels of calprotectin and neutrophilia were significantly higher in patients who previously underwent 3 or more endoscopic sinus surgeries (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Calprotectin in nasal secretions may be a biomarker of non-type 2 inflammation. Low levels of calprotectin are indicative of a type-2 immune response in both CRSwNP and non-allergic rhinitis. We observed that calprotectin levels significantly increased based on the number of previous surgeries.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is until today a global health emergency. In an immense effort, effective drugs against COVID-19 are searched and intensive researches on possible repurposing of antiviral agents are performed. Since chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown in vitro anti- COVID-19 activities, the potential effect of CQ/HCQ to treat and/or prevent COVID-19 infection has caused global attention. However, concern regarding possible hemolysis in G6PD-deficient COVID-19 patients exists and for this reason, the association between HCQ and G6PD deficiency (G6PDD) is back in the limelight. This study aims to answer the question raised by Mastroianni et al. “Hydroxychloroquine: Culprit or Innocent Bystander in G6PD-Deficient Patients with COVID-19?” , reporting all cases of HCQ in G6PD deficient COVID-19 patients published on PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), in addition to the Mastroianni’s patient. In our opinion, after an accurate revision of these cases and responding the question raised by Mastroianni et al., we believe that it is difficult to reach a final verdict about the definitive role of HCQ in these patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has reopened attention on HCQ use and G6PDD. G6PD status is extremely important in modulating the level of reactive oxygen species and many cellular immune responses such as enhanced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine and inflammasome activation. Since these processes are involved in COVID-19 infection, acute hemolytic anemia, a severe complication of the G6PDD, can occur in these patients. In this context, the role of HCQ, usually effective, safe, and well tolerated in G6PD deficient patients, must be redefined in these patients with COVID-19.As consequence, answering the question: “ Hydroxychloroquine: Culprit or Innocent Bystander in G6PD-Deficient Patients with COVID-19?” , we state that it is risky to believe that HCQ may be an “innocent bystander” in G6PD-deficient COVID-19 patients.
Several genes are involved in sport performance, especially in injuries incidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of ACE, ACTN3, COL1A1, and MCT1 genotypes and injuries in rugby players in order to find a genotype/phenotype correlation and provide useful information improving athletic performance. One-hundred male professional and semiprofessional rugby players were selected. Analysis was performed genotyping the genes ACE, ACTN3, COL1A1, and MCT1 as candidate gene of interest involved in athletic performance. A control group of non-athletic Italian male participants was analyzed to compare the results. We found statistical significance of MCT1 rs1049434 AA for total injuries (χ2 = 0.115; p = 0.003) and bone injuries (χ2 = 0.603; p = 0.007) in the rugby athlete population. No statistical significance was found between injury incidence and ACE, ACTN3, COL1A1 genotypes. The MCT1 AA genotype is associated with the incidence of total and bone injuries in the rugby player population. Although environmental factors such as lifestyle, diet, training, and stress can influence athletic performance, our data demonstrated the importance of genetic study in sport aimed at developing personalized training and achieving the best possible athletic excellence.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.