This paper analyzes the impact of a variety of socio-economic, demographic and regional factors to explain Internet use and the frequency of use by individuals in Spain. We have employed binomial and ordered probit models with a Heckman's two-stage estimation procedure. This allows us to distinguish between different variables and explain both use and the intensity of use, respectively. Internet use is mainly associated with education, age, occupation, employment in service sector, nationality, urban areas and regional GDP per capita. In contrast, frequency of Internet usage is positively related to broadband connection, education, Internet skills, the ways through which Internet skills are acquired, gender, and population size. Knowledge of differences in the determinants of Internet use and its extent of use may help to specify the most suitable policies for each case.Internet, digital divide, Spain, Moulton,
We provide additional evidence on the relationship between uncertainty and economic activity. For this purpose, we gather and construct a wide range of proxy indicators of economic and economic policy uncertainty from Spain. We distinguish between the relative merits of different types of measures based on: (i) the volatility of fi nancial markets; (ii) economic analysts' disagreement; (iii) economic policy uncertainty. We show that the fi rst and the third block of measures are the most relevant to grasp the negative effects of unexpected changes in uncertainty on aggregate economic developments, as measured by real GDP. In addition, we fi nd that economic policy uncertainty and fi nancial uncertainty shocks produce visible negative effects on private consumption. The negative responses on capital goods investments are initially bigger in magnitude but vanish more quickly.
Resumen: En este estudio se analizan las actitudes y conductas sexuales de riesgo de los jóvenes españoles respecto a la infección por VIH. Se administró el Cuestionario de Prevención del SIDA a 196 jóvenes. Los resultados muestran lagunas importantes en la información (sólo el 59% sabe que el sexo oral sin preservativo es una práctica de riesgo); el uso sistemático del preservativo es moderado en el coito (indican haberlo utilizado en el 53% de las relaciones del mes anterior); y muy bajo en las relaciones orales (3%) y anales (13%), mantenidas por un elevado número de sujetos (el 73% realizan prácticas orales y el 16% anales). Hay una baja percepción de peligro lo que se manifi esta en que sólo el 14% preguntan a sus parejas si se han realizado las pruebas del VIH y tan sólo el 40% se las ha realizado alguna vez. Urgen intervenciones preventivas en este colectivo.
Palabras clave: Infección por VIH, conductas de riesgo, jóvenes
Attitudes and risk sexual behaviors for HIV infection/AIDS in young people in SpainAbstract: This study analyzes attitudes and sexual risk behaviors of young people in Spain with regard to HIV infection. The AIDS Prevention Questionnaire was administered to 196 subjects. The results evidence important gaps in information (only 59% knows that oral sex without a condom is a risk behaviour); the systematic use of a condom is moderate in intercourse (in 53% of sexual intercourse over the past month) and very low in oral (3%) and anal (13%) sex, as practiced by a large number of subjects (73% do oral sex and 16% anal sex). There is a low sense of danger as manifested by the fact that only 14% ask their sexual partners if they did any HIV testing and only 40% have passed a HIV test at any time. Preventive interventions are urgently needed in this population.
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