Various studies have focused on understanding how the continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) treatment improves the emotional state of obstructive sleep apnea patients, as well as factors that determine improvement. Yet the results are contradictory. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the changes in depression levels, anxiety state and anxiety trait levels of patients with obstructive sleep apnea after 1 month and again after 3 months of CPAP treatment. The sample consisted of 51 obstructive sleep apnea patients. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) standardized spanish version was used to assess depressive symptoms. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess two elements of the response to anxiety: anxiety-state and anxiety-trait. The results indicate that there exist statistically significant differences in depression levels after 1 month and after 3 months of treatment (P < 0.05). In specific, a drop in depression symptomatology was observed in both experimental conditions. With respect to anxiety statetrait levels, the obtained results show statistically significant differences in anxiety-trait levels after 1 month and after 3 months of treatment (P < 0.05) and in anxiety state after 3 months of treatment (P < 0.01). Both variables experienced a decrease after CPAP treatment.

Two-dimensional shallow water models are widely used tools for flood inundation mapping. However, even if High Performance Computing techniques have greatly decreased the computational time needed to run a 2D inundation model, this approach remains unsuitable for applications that require results in a very short time or a large number of model runs. In this paper we test a non-parametric regression model based on least squares support vector machines as a computationally efficient surrogate of the 2D shallow water equations for flood inundation mapping. The methodology is initially applied to a synthetic case study consisting of a straight river reach flowing towards the sea. A coastal urban area is then used as a real test case. Discharge in three streams and tide levels are used as predictor variables to estimate the spatial distribution of maximum water depth and velocity in the study area. The suitability of this regression model for the spatial prediction of flood hazard is evaluated. The results show the potential of the proposed regression technique for fast and accurate computation of flood extent and hazard maps. K E Y W O R D S flood hazard, flood inundation, Iber model, shallow water equations, support vector machine 1 | INTRODUCTIONPhysically-based flood inundation models are widely used tools for simulating river hydraulics and floodplain inundation processes. In these models, the flood propagation is generally described by the two-dimensional shallow water equations (2D-SWEs), which must be solved using an appropriate numerical technique. Models solve either the full or simplified forms of these equations, as the local inertial approximation or the diffusive wave approximation (Neal et al., 2012). In practice, an inevitable compromise between accuracy and efficiency must be found when defining the spatial resolution of the numerical mesh and the time discretization (Chen et al., 2012). Higher accuracy can be obtained by increasing the physical complexity and the spatial and temporal resolution of a model, but at the cost of higher computation time.This conventional physically-based approach is hence generally impractical for applications that require results in a very short time or a large number of model runs. A typical example is a probabilistic analysis such as the propagation of uncertainty in a Monte Carlo context, which involves the evaluation of thousands model runs. A few Monte Carlo probabilistic analyses using 2D-SWE models have been presented in the literature but the number of runs is generally limited to a few hundreds (Cea, Bermúdez, & Puertas, 2011;Fraga et al., 2016), which limits the number of parameters that can be analysed and the statistical significance of the results. Real-time forecasting systems are another example where fast computation is imperative to issue flood warnings with sufficient lead-time. In these kinds of applications, a possible way to reduce significantly the computation time is the development of computationally more efficient surrogates of these models. A fi...

The aim of this theoretical study is to learn which cognitive, emotional, attitudinal, and behavioural variables involved in relationships are related to sexist attitudes by adolescents and how they relate to one another. After searching scientific articles published between 2005 and 2018 on PsycINFO, Psicodoc, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, 1,170 studies were obtained. After conducting the selection process, 20 were included in the review. The results of these studies show that adolescents who display attitudes that are more sexist have a more positive attitude towards intimate partner violence, greater sexual risk behaviours, greater attraction to sexist partners, greater support for the myth of idealized love and myth of love-abuse link, greater emotional dependence on the partner, and poorer quality in relationships, revealing gender-based differences in some of the mentioned variables. It is concluded that sexist attitudes are related to harmful forms of intimate interaction among teenagers. El sexismo en las relaciones de pareja adolescentes: una revisión sistemática R E S U M E N El objetivo de este estudio teórico es conocer qué variables cognitivas, emocionales, actitudinales y conductuales implicadas en las relaciones de pareja se relacionan con las actitudes sexistas por parte de los adolescentes, y cómo se relacionan éstas entre sí. Tras realizar una búsqueda de artículos científicos publicados entre 2005 y 2018 en las bases de datos PsycINFO, Psicodoc, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, se obtuvieron un total de 1,170 estudios de los cuales, tras llevar a cabo el proceso de selección, 20 fueron incluidos en la revisión. Los resultados de dichos estudios ponen de manifiesto que los adolescentes que presentan más actitudes sexistas tienen actitudes más positivas hacia la violencia en la pareja, mayores conductas de riesgo sexual, más atracción por parejas sexistas, mayor apoyo hacia el mito idealizado del amor y de vinculación amormaltrato, mayor dependencia emocional en la pareja y peor calidad en las relaciones de pareja, encontrándose diferencias en función del género en algunas de las variables. Se concluye que el mantenimiento de actitudes sexistas se relaciona con formas perjudiciales de interacción íntima entre adolescentes.