Remdesivir is one of the effective anti-viral drugs used as a Covid-19 therapy at moderate, severe and critical degrees. Side effects that need to be considered in the use of remdesivir is hepatotoxicity. The active metabolite of remdesivir (GS-44152) is thought to play a role in mitochondrial damage in liver cells, inhibiting bile acid transport, and inducing oxidative stress. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of remdesivir associated with changes in liver function SGOT and SGPT. This study was retrospective observation of moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 patients receiving remdesivir with inclusion criteria of all inpatient medical records at Bhayangkara Hospital Surabaya for the period of August 2020-July 2021. The results showed that significant increase of liver enzymes occurred in SGPT (Pre 29 .50; Post 33.50) while in SGOT (Pre 33.00; Post 26.00), enzymes were significantly decreased. The decrease was greater in the SGPT (Pre 69.00; Post 47.00) and SGOT (Pre 56.00; Post 32.00) hepatoprotector groups. The use of remdesivir had no effect on liver function as indicated by an increase in SGPT value and a decrease in SGOT value, both of which were still in the normal range.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a pharmacist-led education programme on knowledge, adherence, and glycaemic control of type 2 diabetic outpatients. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted among adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) outpatients. The pharmacist-led education programme was delivered to patients and their family members. Patient knowledge and adherence were assessed using questionnaires. Plasma glucose levels were also monitored during the study. Results: 26 patients completed the study (median (IQR) age 61.5 (58.3 – 65.0) years, female 57.7%, median (IQR) duration of DM 5.0 (3.0 – 15.0) years). At the end of study, the education programme improved patient’s knowledge by 19.2% (p = 0.409) and medication adherence by 46.1% (p = 0.002). Glycaemic control in fasting plasma and postprandial glucose levels were achieved in 19.2% and 23.1% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: An education programme led by pharmacists may improve diabetic outpatient’s knowledge, adherence to therapy, and glycaemic control.
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