Abstract. Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandininto SC, Gelolodo MA, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Kurniawati DA, Rehman S. 2022. Profile of Multidrug Resistance and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on dairy cows and risk factors from farmer. Biodiversitas 23: 2853-2858. Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive coccus that causes mastitis and is one of the most widespread pathogenic bacteria in dairy farming. These bacteria can quickly develop into antibiotic-resistant strains due to inappropriate antibiotic administration. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that have Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) properties can be known as Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) if these bacteria are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. The high number of MDR and MRSA contamination in dairy farms as a result of excessive administration of antibiotics in the treatment of dairy cows and the spread of these bacteria cannot be separated from the sanitation management at the time of milking, it can be from milk that is milked from the udder and it can also be from the hands of farmers during the milking process. This study tests antibiotic resistance and detects Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains sourced from milk and hand swabs of farmers in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 109 dairy cow’s milk samples and 41 samples of farmers’ hand swabs were taken from each farm. Samples were cultured and purified using Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). Staphylococcus aureus resistance profile was performed by disk diffusion test using antibiotic disks such as Oxacillin, Cefoxitin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Gentamicin. Staphylococcus aureus isolates that were resistant to Oxacillin and Cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The results of the isolation and identification found 80 (53.33%) S. aureus isolates, then the results of the resistance test found 8 (10%) S. aureus isolates that were Multidrug-Resistant (MDR), and in the Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base (ORSAB) test there were 3 isolates of S. aureus MDR were ORSAB positive. It can be found that there are several S. aureus isolates that are Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in dairy farms. The S. aureus that is MDR and MRSA can be spread to the community and will endanger public health. Thus, prevention and control measures are needed to suppress the spread of S. aureus infection on a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in dairy cows and is a source of contamination in milk. S. aureus that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spread of MRSA cannot be separated from sanitation management during milking; it can originate from milk collected from the udder or from the hands of farmers during the milking process. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of MRSA contamination in dairy cow's milk and farmer's hand swabs. Methods: A total of 109 samples of dairy cow’s milk and 41 samples of farmers’ hand swabs were collected at a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were cultured and purified using mannitol salt agar (MSA). The profile of S. aureus resistance was established by disk diffusion test using a disk of beta-lactam antibiotics, namely oxacillin and cefoxitin. Results: The S. aureus isolates that were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for MRSA identity. S. aureus isolates suspected to be MRSA were then tested genotypically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the presence of the mecA gene. The results of the isolation and identification found 80 isolates (53.33%) of S. aureus. The results of the resistance test found that 42 isolates (15%) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin and 10 isolates (12.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin. The ORSAB test found as many as 20 isolates (47.62%) were positive for MRSA. In PCR testing to detect the presence of the mecA gene, three isolates (30%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: This study shows that several S. aureus isolates were MRSA and had the gene encoding mecA in dairy farms.

African Swine Fever (ASF) is an important infectious disease in pigs caused by African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). Despite not being zoonotic, this disease has the potential to severely affect the socioeconomic conditions in the impacted regions. The majority of pig farmers in Indonesia, particularly those in Kupang City, that raise pigs in backyards or on a small scale, experience the impact of ASF's effects. Early in 2020, the ASF cases were confirmed in Timor Island, including the Kupang City area in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Province. The molecular information on ASFV in this area is still limited. In order to determine the homology and nucleotide analysis using BLAST NCBI, the ASFV p72 (B646L) gene fragment sequence from Kupang City was compared to ASFV p72 (B646L) gene segments from other parts of Indonesia and several other Asian countries. The results of nucleotide analysis and sequence homology of the original ASFV p72 (B646L) gene fragment from Kupang City showed a high level of homology to the ASFV p72 (B646L) gene fragment from West Java, North Sumatra, and several Asian countries. The findings from this study indicate that the source of ASF viral transmission across different regions may be comparable. Therefore, to prevent the dissemination of ASF, strict biosecurity measures must be implemented along with monitoring of animal and product transportation.

African swine fever (ASF) is a destructive re-emerging swine disease that has posed a serious economic threat to the global pig farming sector. In past years, ASF has rapidly spread over Europe, Asia, and Oceania, and begin to enter Indonesia in the middle of 2019. The clinical and pathological symptoms of ASF are influenced by the strain's virulence, the transmission pathway, and the pig's immunological and health status. ASF’s clinical manifestations are known to evolve, from after an invasion enters a new free region to after the disease has been established in the territory for a longer period. Identifying ASF clinical signs and pathological changes is crucial for a comprehensive and reliable early detection system. The objective of this research is to observe and identify gross pathology in ASF suspect pigs in order to obtain a better understanding of the cause of death. Two dead pigs from a farm in Oebelo village, Kupang regency, Indonesia with a recent history of massive deaths had been examined in this study. The post-mortem results showed that hemorrhagic splenomegaly and hemorrhagic lymphadenitis were the main lesions observed at the examinations. Furthermore, hemorrhages were also found in various internal organs such as the kidneys, liver, and heart. To determine the exact cause of the pigs' deaths, a molecular diagnostic test should be conducted.