<!--StartFragment--><p><strong>Objetivo</strong> Investigar en una universidad estatal delCaribe colombianoel estado de la salud sexual y reproductiva especialmente conocimientos sobre Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual (ETS), fertilidad, sexualidad, embarazo y violencia.</p><p><strong>Métodos </strong>Estudio transversal tipo encuesta. Se seleccionaron estudiantes matriculados en el segundo período de 2010 que llenaron voluntariamente la encuesta. Los datos cualitativos fueron tabulados y graficados usando medidas de tendencia central para variables cuantitativas.</p><p><strong>Resultados </strong>La población tenía alrededor de 20 años de edad, provenía de la zona urbana (57,9 %; IC95 %=54,7-61,1), predominantemente heterosexual (89,7 %) con edad de inicio de vida sexual antes de los 18 años, con 11,8 % de promiscuidad que usaba principalmente el preservativo como Método de Planificación Familiar (MPF) (55 %). Aunque poseían información previa sobre salud sexual, MPF y ETS, no se comportaban acorde con ello, por la desinformación sobre formas de transmisión del VIH, bajo nivel de realización de pruebas serológicas para ETS, así como conductas de riesgo (sexo/alcohol/drogas). El 12,3% tuvo antecedente de embarazo, violencia física (21,6%) y sexual (4,6 %) con un predominante silencio de las víctimas de abuso sexual (61,8 %). <strong></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><strong>Conclusiones</strong> La muestra refleja la población universitaria de esta región del país.Se planea organizar un programa con apoyo médico y psicológico que permita disminuir los índices de ETS, embarazos no planificados, preparando al adolescente en esta importante etapa de su vida,sirviendo de modelo para otras universidades latinoamericanas. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"> </p><!--EndFragment-->
Mayaro virus (MAYV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are vector-borne alphaviruses that cocirculate in South America. Human infections by these viruses are frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, especially in areas with high dengue virus endemicity. Disease may progress to debilitating arthralgia (MAYV, CHIKV), encephalitis (VEEV), and death. Few standardized serological assays exist for specific human alphavirus infection detection, and antigen cross-reactivity can be problematic. Therefore, serological platforms that aid in the specific detection of multiple alphavirus infections will greatly expand disease surveillance for these emerging infections. In this study, serum samples from South American patients with PCR-and/or isolation-confirmed infections caused by MAYV, VEEV, and CHIKV were examined by using a protein microarray assembled with recombinant capsid, envelope protein 1 (E1), and E2 from nine New and Old World alphaviruses. Notably, specific antibody recognition of E1 was observed only with MAYV infections, whereas E2 was specifically targeted by antibodies from all of the alphavirus infections investigated, with evidence of cross-reactivity to E2 of o'nyong-nyong virus only in CHIKV-infected patient serum samples. Our findings suggest that alphavirus structural protein microarrays can distinguish infections caused by MAYV, VEEV, and CHIKV and that this multiplexed serological platform could be useful for high-throughput disease surveillance.IMPORTANCE Mayaro, chikungunya, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are closely related alphaviruses that are spread by mosquitos, causing diseases that produce similar influenza-like symptoms or more severe illnesses. Moreover, alphavirus infection symptoms can be similar to those of dengue or Zika disease, leading to underreporting of cases and potential misdiagnoses. New methods that can be used to detect antibody responses to multiple alphaviruses within the same assay would greatly aid disease surveillance efforts. However, possible antibody cross-reactivity between viruses can reduce the quality of laboratory results. Our results demonstrate that antibody responses to multiple alphaviruses can be specifically quantified within the same assay by using selected recombinant protein antigens and further show that Mayaro virus infections result in unique responses to viral envelope proteins.
Bacterial genotyping methods have been used in several areas of microbiology and have facilitated the identification of bacterial strains, as well as the study of virulence and resistance factors, epidemiological surveillance, among others. Constituting, in this way, as complementary or alternative to phenotypic methods. This chapter reviews some of the methods of bacterial genotyping used nowadays, explains briefly how they are performed, and highlights some limitations and advantages they have.
Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) constituyen un problema de salud a nivel global. El Comité de ITS de la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) desarrolló el presente documento dirigido principalmente al personal médico de diferentes niveles de atención en Colombia, con el objetivo de proveer recomendaciones claras y concretas para un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos de los pacientes con ITS y sus contactos. Se diseñaron protocolos básicos de diagnóstico y tratamiento con base en la evidencia científica disponible y guías existentes elaboradas por sociedades científicas nacionales e internacionales y grupos gubernamentales. Se agruparon las ITS más comunes en las siguientes secciones: uretritis, úlcera genital, flujo vaginal de etiología infecciosa, proctitis, cervicitis, hepatitis B, y virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo. Para cada protocolo se presenta la definición, la etiología, las condiciones para la toma de la muestra, los exámenes de diagnóstico por agente etiológico y nivel de atención, y el tratamiento por agente etiológico.
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