The aim of this study was to establish rates of behavioural and emotional problems, and of social maladjustment, in a population of deaf children, particularly in relation to different methods of communication. The parents of 84 children who attended two schools for the deaf took part. They completed the parents' checklist (PCL), a behaviour rating scale for deaf children, and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), a measure widely used in the general population. The two instruments were significantly correlated on the severity of behavioural and emotional problems, but their previously established cut-off scores detected different rates of possible clinical cases, i.e. children with mental health disorders. According to the CBCL, 40% of children were within the clinical range, and 82% were socially dysfunctional compared with the general population. The PCL identified a much higher percentage (77%) of caseness. Behavioural and emotional problems were significantly higher in Asian children. Although all subjects used sign language, the additional use of speech, which may indicate increased hearing ability, had a protective effect for adolescents. The findings are discussed in relation to the validation of the instruments and the development of intervention programmes for deaf children.

Objectives. Effective Leadership and Advocacy is an elective implemented to develop doctor of pharmacy students' leadership and political advocacy. Students learn various leadership and organizational management skills and gain direct experience in the political process and community action through service-learning activities. Design. Students attend classes and participate in individual and group assignments for required and elective elements. The fall 2003 course involved synchronous teaching with Virginia Commonwealth University doctor of pharmacy students and faculty. Assessment. To demonstrate achievement of course objectives, students were required to submit portfolios documenting their participation in key activities. Student performances during group debates and class discussion (participation and professional behavior) were also assessed. Conclusions. During 3 offerings at Maryland, the course has increased student and faculty member participation in statewide advocacy for pharmacy education and service. The state's pharmacy organizations, School's administration, and University's Office of External Affairs now use students more effectively in promoting health care legislation and School resource advocacy initiatives.

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