Erythrocytes must maintain a biconcave discoid shape in order to efficiently deliver oxygen (O2) molecules and to recycle carbon dioxide (CO 2) molecules. The erythrocyte is a small toroidal dielectrophoretic (DEP) electromagnetic field (EMF) driven cell that maintains its zeta potential (ζ) with a dielectric constant (ԑ) between a negatively charged plasma membrane surface and the positively charged adjacent Stern layer. Here, we propose that zeta potential is also driven by both ferroelectric influences (chloride ion) and ferromagnetic influences (serum iron driven). The Golden Ratio, a function of Phi φ, offers a geometrical mathematical measure within the distinct and desired curvature of the red blood cell that is governed by this zeta potential and is required for the efficient recycling of CO 2 in our bodies. The Bio‐Field Array (BFA) shows potential to both drive/fuel the zeta potential and restore the Golden Ratio in human erythrocytes thereby leading to more efficient recycling of CO 2. Live Blood Analyses and serum CO 2 levels from twenty human subjects that participated in immersion therapy sessions with the BFA for 2 weeks (six sessions) were analyzed. Live Blood Analyses (LBA) and serum blood analyses performed before and after the BFA immersion therapy sessions in the BFA pilot study participants showed reversal of erythrocyte rheological alterations (per RBC metric; P = 0.00000075), a morphological return to the Golden Ratio and a significant decrease in serum CO 2 (P = 0.017) in these participants. Immersion therapy sessions with the BFA show potential to modulate zeta potential, restore this newly defined Golden Ratio and reduce rheological alterations in human erythrocytes.
Objectives:The bio-field array is a device that generates a dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field when placed in a hypotonic saline solution and a direct current of approximately 3 A is applied. It is known that cell physiology is guided by bioelectrical properties, and there is a significant growth inhibition in cancerous (MDA-MB-231) cells that are grown in media that has been reconstituted with the saline that has been exposed to the bio-field array direct current dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field, alternatively there is no growth inhibition noted in noncancerous cells (MCF-10A) when grown in the bio-field array direct current dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field treated versus control media.Methods:To examine the basis for selective growth inhibition in human breast carcinoma, we employed cell death assays, cell cycle assays, microarray analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results:We found a large transcriptional reprogramming in the cell lines and of the genes affected, those involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response pathways showed some of the most dramatic changes. Cancerous cells grown in media that has been reconstituted with a hypotonic saline solution that has been exposed to the bio-field array direct current dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field show a significant and strong upregulation of the apoptotic arms of the unfolded protein response while the noncancerous cells show a decrease in endoplasmic reticulum stress via microarray analyses and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Conclusion:The bio-field array shows potential to initiate apoptosis in cancerous cells while relieving cell stress in noncancerous cells in vitro. These studies lay a foundation for nurses to conduct future in vivo models for the possible development of future adjunct treatments in chronic disease.
Erythrocytes must maintain a biconcave discoid shape in order to efficiently operate and serve an important physiological role in an organism. The erythrocyte can be viewed as a toroidal dielectrophoretic (DEP) electromagnetic field (EMF)-driven cell that maintains its zeta potential via a dielectric constant (chloride anion) that resides between a negatively charged membrane surface and a positively charged Stern layer. There are ferromagnetic (iron) and ferroelectric (chloride anion) influences that may be crucial to the maintenance of this zeta potential. We hypothesize that within this uniquely shaped cell resides an interesting geometric mathematical measure, the Golden Ratio, that houses a DEP EMF may be driven/fueled by the zeta potential and may be critical for the efficient recycling of CO2 and the delivery of O2 to organisms.
Objective:The extracellular matrix consists of critical components that affect fibroblast polarization and migration. The existence of both intrinsic and extrinsic electrical signals that play essential roles in the development, physiology, regeneration, and pathology of cells was discovered over a century ago. In this study, we study how the Bioelectric Field Enhancement (BEFE) device and its generated electromagnetic field (EMF) by continuous direct current (DC) significantly affect the membrane potential and cell migration of fibroblasts in vitro. Approach: This is an experimental analysis of membrane potential and cell migration of murine fibroblasts when grown in treated media that has been reconstituted with an aqueous solution that has been exposed to an EMF, which is generated by this device versus fibroblasts grown in identically prepared control media that has not been exposed to the EMF. Results: The growth of fibroblasts in the treated media shows a strong percent change in polarization of the plasma membrane and significant increase in cell migration compared to control groups. Innovation: These experiments show the potential for an adjunct wound care therapy using a continuous DC EMF application through a medium of water. Conclusion: Growth media that was reconstituted with an aqueous solution that had been exposed to this DC derived EMF shows significant changes in cell polarity and cell migration of fibroblasts in vitro. The BEFE device has shown enhanced chronic wound healing in anecdotal reports from patients globally for decades when used as a footbath/bath and could lead to a novel EMF application in wound healing.Keywords: bioelectrodynamics, membrane potential, cell migration, chronic wounds INTRODUCTIONElectromagnetic fields (EMFs) activate multiple signaling pathways that are instrumental in cell polarization, migration, and wound healing. [1][2][3][4] EMFs work in conjunction with and also override other signaling cues of cell migration such as: chemoattractant gradients, injury stimulation, contact inhibition, wound void, mechanical forces, and population pressure. 1,[5][6][7] Injured and inflamed cells are contained in a wound, and transmembrane potential differences have been found to exist in both injured and proliferating cells. 8 differentiation, and these magnetic fields also affect the changing gradients of Vmem that are produced and sensed by both excitable and nonexcitable cells in living organisms. 6,8,10,11 Inadequate and unorganized cell migration is characteristic of chronic wounds and to heal, cells must migrate directionally and in an organized way for granulation tissues to begin to develop. 2 EMF therapies in both in vitro and in vivo wound care research have been explored for decades and are currently being conducted with vibrating probe techniques that apply a flow of positive charge directed toward the wound using direct current (DC) or monophasic/biphasic pulsed electrical currents. 5,12 Low frequency alternating current (AC) has not been used with much success sin...
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