Escherichia coli intramammary infection elicits localized and systemic responses, some of which have been characterized in mammary secretory tissue. Our objective was to characterize gene expression patterns that become activated in different regions of the mammary gland during the acute phase of experimentally induced E. coli mastitis. Tissues evaluated were from Fürstenburg's rosette, teat cistern (TC), gland cistern (GC), and lobulo-alveolar (LA) regions of control and infected mammary glands, 12 and 24 h after bacterial (or control) infusions. The main networks activated by E. coli infection pertained to immune and inflammatory response, with marked induction of genes encoding proteins that function in chemotaxis and leukocyte activation and signaling. Genomic response at 12 h post-infection was greatest in tissues of the TC and GC. Only at 24 h post-infection did tissue from the LA region respond, at which time the response was the greatest of all regions. Similar genetic networks were impacted in all regions during early phases of intramammary infection, although regional differences throughout the gland were noted. Data support an important sentinel function for the teat, as these tissues responded rapidly and intensely, with production of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.

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Marine geohazard research has developed during recent decades, as human activities intensified towards deeper waters. Some recent disastrous events (e.g., the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Japan tsunamis) highlighted geohazards socioeconomic impacts. Marine geohazards encompass an extensive list of features, processes, and events related to Marine Geology. In the scientific literature there are few systematic reviews concerning all of them. Using the search string ‘geohazard*’, this bibliometric-based review explored the scientific databases Web of Science and Scopus to analyze the evolution of peer-reviewed scientific publications and discuss trends and future challenges. The results revealed qualitative and quantitative aspects of 183 publications and indicated 12 categories of hazards, the categories more studied and the scientific advances. Interdisciplinary surveys focusing on the mapping and dating of past events, and the determination of triggers, frequencies, and current perspectives of occurrence (risk) are still scarce. Throughout the upcoming decade, the expansion and improvement of seafloor observatories’ networks, early warning systems, and mitigation plans are the main challenges. Hazardous marine geological events may occur at any time and the scientific community, marine industry, and governmental agencies must cooperate to better understand and monitor the processes involved in order to mitigate the resulting unpredictable damages.

RESUMO.A Baía de Macapá, por estar inserida a zona de médio estuário do Rio Amazonas, apresenta vestígios de alterações morfológicas diferenciadas pela forte dinâmica em um curto intervalo de tempo. O reflexo de tais alterações pode ser observado nas modificações morfoestruturais presentes no leito e subsuperfície. A análise dos perfis sísmicos em alta resolução pelo intervalo de frequência de 0,7 kHz a 12,0 kHz revela que as características apresentadas nas formas de fundo desencadeiam os processos modeladores do padrão de reflexão observados nos refletores em subsuperfície. Através desta relação foi possível identificar a predominância de cinco formas de fundo, quatro unidades estruturais e cinco sismofácies com o destaque para a identificação de uma feição de paleocanal. Observou-se que as variações morfológicas do leito são influenciadas pela constante atuação dos processos hidrodinâmicos e sedimentares ocorrentes periodicamente e vice-versa, corroborando para correlação entre as feições superficiais de fundo e as feições em subsuperfície.Palavras-Chave: Morfologia, formas de fundo, sismofácies, paleocanal.ABSTRACT. The Macapá Bay, because it is inserted in the middle estuary zone of the Amazon River, presents evidences of different changes in a short time. The reflex of such changes can be observed in morphostructural modifications present in the bed and subsurfaces. The analysis of the high-resolution seismic profiles through on frequency range of 0.7 kHz to 12.0 kHz reveals that the features presented in the bedforms trigger the reflection pattern modelers processes observed in the subsurface reflectors. Through this relationship, it was possible to identify the predominance of five bedforms, four structural units and five seismic facies with highlight for the identification of a paleochannel feature. It was observed that the morphological variations of the bed are influenced by the constant actuation of the hydrodynamic processes and sedimentary that occur periodically and vice versa, corroborating to correlation between the superficial bottom features and the subsurface features.