Soybean target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) has become an important disease in most soybean growing regions in Brazil. The sensitivity of 34 isolates of C. cassiicola to 11 fungicides was evaluated based on mycelial growth inhibition (boscalid, carbendazim, cyproconazole, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl) or spore germination inhibition (azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin). In addition, the efficacy of five fungicides to control target spot was tested in four field trials carried out during three crop seasons: 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Fungal isolates were collected from soybean plants in several soybean growing areas in Brazil. The effective concentration of each fungicide to inhibit fungal growth or spore germination by 50% (EC 50 ) was calculated for all isolates. ABSTRACTgrowth inhibition and pyraclostrobin led to the lowest spore germination percentage, with the lowest EC 50 values. At field experiments, cyproconazole and carbendazim showed target spot control ranging from 26% to 29%. On the other hand, fluxapyroxad and prothioconazole prevented an epidemic of the disease by 45% to 55%, respectively. In general, the efficacy of fungicides in the field reflected the in vitro sensitivity averages. Large sensitivity reduction was detected to benzimidazoles (MBC), indicating that this group of fungicides should no longer be used for target spot control. There was a negative and significant correlation (-0.265) between target spot severity and soybean yield. The pathogen showed variability in sensitivity to the fungicide groups carboxamides (SDHI), triazoles (DMI) and strobilurins (QoI), which denotes a high risk of selection for resistance. RESUMOA mancha-alvo da soja (Corynespora cassiicola) tornou-se uma importante doença na maioria das regiões produtoras de soja no Brasil. A sensibilidade de 34 isolados de Corynespora cassiicola a 11 fungicidas foi avaliada pela inibição do crescimento micelial (boscalida, carbendazim, ciproconazol, fluopiram, fluxapiroxada, protioconazol e tiofanato-metílico) ou inibição da germinação de esporos (azoxistrobina, picoxistrobina, piraclostrobina e trifloxistrobina). Além disso, a eficácia de cinco fungicidas para controlar mancha-alvo foi testada em quatro ensaios no campo, conduzidos durante três safras: 2011/2012, 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. Os isolados do fungo foram coletados de plantas de soja em diversas regiões produtoras de soja do Brasil. A concentração efetiva para inibir o crescimento micelial ou a germinação dos esporos em 50% (EC 50 ), para cada fungicida, foi calculada para todos os isolados. Fluxapiroxada e protioconazol proporcionaram as Teramoto, A.; Meyer, M.C.; Suassuna, N.D.; Cunha, M.G. Sensibilidade de Corynespora cassiicola isolado de soja a fungicidas in vitro e controle químico de mancha-alvo da soja no campo. Summa Phytopathologica, v.43, n.4, p.281-289, 2017. maiores inibições de crescimento micelial do patógeno e piraclostrobina a menor porcentagem de germinação de esporos, com o...

frequência na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil e pode, sob condições de alta temperatura e alta umidade, causar sérios danos à cultura. O uso de cultivares resistentes ao patógeno é recomendado, porém são poucas as disponíveis no mercado. Este trabalho foi realizado visando avaliar a reação de doze cultivares comerciais de soja inoculados com C. cassiicola, em casa de vegetação e no campo. A severidade foi avaliada utilizando escala diagramática de severidade da mancha-alvo. As cultivares menos suscetíveis ao patógeno na casa de vegetação foram BRSGO 7960 e BRS Sambaíba e as mais suscetíveis foram BMX Potência RR e M-SOY 7908 RR. No campo, as cultivares menos suscetíveis foram M-SOY 8866, M-SOY 7908 RR e BMX Potência RR e as mais suscetíveis foram BRSGO 8360 e BRS Tracajá. Palavras-chave: Glycine max, mancha-alvo, resistência genética. ABSTRACT Reaction of soybean cultivars to Corynespora cassiicolaThe fungus Corynespora cassiicola, the causal agent of soybean target spot, frequently occurs in the Brazilian midwestern region. Under favorable climate conditions it can cause serious damage to this crop. The use of resistant cultivars is recommended although there are only a few available in the market. This investigation was carried out to evaluate the reaction of twelve soybean commercial cultivars to C. cassiicola. Severity was evaluated using a diagrammatic scale of target spot. The less susceptible cultivars in greenhouse were BRSGO 7960 and BRS Sambaíba and the most susceptible were BMX Potencia RR and M-SOY 7908 RR. In the field, the less susceptible cultivars were M-SOY 8866, M-SOY 7908 RR and BMX Potência RR and the most susceptible were BRSGO 8360 and BRS Tracajá.

Agriculture accounts for ~ 70% of all water use and the world population is increasing annually; soon more people will need to be fed, while also using less water. The use of plant-associated bacteria (PAB) is an eco-friendly alternative that can increase crop water use efficiency. This work aimed to study the effect of some PAB on increasing soybean tolerance to drought stress, the mechanisms of the drought tolerance process, and the effect of the PAB on promoting plant growth and on the biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PAB were isolated from soybean rhizosphere and S. sclerotiorum sclerotia. The strains identified as UFGS1 (Bacillus subtilis), UFGS2 (Bacillus thuringiensis), UFGRB2 and UFGRB3 (Bacillus cereus) were selected on their ability to grow in media with reduced water activity. Soybean plants were inoculated with the PAB and evaluated for growth promotion, physiological and molecular parameters, after drought stress. Under drought stress, UFGS2 and UFGRB2 sustained potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), while a decrease was found in the control plants. Moreover, UFGS2 and UFGRB3 maintained the photosynthetic rates in non-stressed conditions compared to the control. UFGS2-treated plants showed a higher stomatal conductance and higher transpiration than the control, after drought stress. Some PAB-treated plants also had other beneficial phenotypes, such as increases in fresh and dried biomass relative to the control. Differential gene expression analysis of genes involved in plant stress pathways shows changes in expression in PAB-treated plants. Results from this study suggest that PAB can mitigate drought stress in soybean and may improve water efficiency under certain conditions.

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RESUMOCorynespora cassiicola, agente causal da mancha alvo, causa prejuízos econômicos em diversas culturas. Como a disponibilidade de protocolos padronizados para a produção de inóculo facilitam a condução de testes de patogenicidade, os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o crescimento micelial em diferentes temperaturas; avaliar o crescimento micelial e a esporulação de isolados obtidos de diferentes hospedeiros em diferentes regimes de luz; avaliar o efeito da duração de umidade contínua para a máxima germinação dos esporos in vitro e a patogenicidade de sete isolados de C. cassiicola em diversos hospedeiros. As temperaturas para o maior crescimento micelial variaram de 23,3 a 29,5ºC; o crescimento de oito isolados foi indiferente aos regimes de luz, enquanto os outros seis foram mais influenciados pelo escuro contínuo; a maioria dos isolados esporulou mais sob luz contínua; cinco a vinte horas de umidade contínua foi a variação de tempo para que 85% dos esporos germinassem; quanto à patogenicidade, foi observado que o algodoeiro, o meloeiro e o pepineiro foram os hospedeiros mais suscetíveis, e menos suscetíveis, o tomateiro, aceroleira e o cafeeiro. Para produção massal de inóculo de C. cassiicola recomenda-se utilizar a temperatura de 25ºC sob luz contínua. Palavras-chave: esporulação, fotoperíodo, germinação de esporos, inoculação cruzada, patogenicidade. ABSTRACT Physiological characterization of Corynespora cassiicola isolatesCorynespora cassiicola is the causal agent of target spot on several crops of economic importance. Since the availability of standardized protocols for inoculum production makes the conduction of patogenicity tests easier, the objectives of this work were to evaluate the mycelial growth under different temperatures, to evaluate the mycelial growth and spore production under different photoperiods for isolates obtained from different hosts, to evaluate the effect of continuous humidity on spore germination, and the pathogenicity of seven isolates of C. cassiicola on several hosts. Temperatures between 23,3 and 29,5ºC allowed the best growth of the isolates. The growth of eight isolates did not respond to the photoperiods used whereas six isolates were sensitive to the dark. The best sporulation for the majority of isolates was under continuous light. Five to twenty hours of continuous humidity were enough for 85% of the spores to germinate. As for pathogenicity, cotton, melon and cucumber were the most susceptible hosts, while tomato, coffee and Antilles cherry were the least susceptible. For massal production of C. cassiicola inoculum, a temperature of 25ºC under continual light is recommended.