Flour from old varieties are usually considered very weak flours, and thus difficult to use in breadmaking especially when processed as Italian “Tipo 2” flour. Hence, the aim of our study was to understand if agronomic treatments can be used to improve flour processability and the quality of three old wheat varieties. An experimental strip-plot scheme was used: three old wheat varieties (Andriolo, Sieve, Verna), two seeding densities, three levels of nitrogen fertilization (N35, N80, and N135), and two levels of foliar sulfur fertilization. Analyzed parameters related to kernel composition, dough rheology and bread quality. Sulfur and nitrogen treatments significantly affected protein composition and dough alveograph strength, which increased by about 34% with nitrogen fertilization, and by about 14% with the sulfur treatment. However, only nitrogen fertilization affected bread characteristics. Crumb density significantly decreased from N35 to N135, while springiness and cohesiveness increased. On the other hand, sulfur did not improve breads. This highlight the importance of performing breadmaking tests in addition to the rheological determinations. The poor technological performance of old wheat flours can be improved with agronomical treatments designed to obtain higher-quality bread.
Copolymerizations of ethylene with 1,3-butadiene in the presence of catalytic systems based
on some C
2-symmetric zirconocenes (rac-[CH2(3-R-1-indenyl)2]ZrCl2 where R = −C(CH3)3 (1), −CH(CH3)2
(2), −CH2CH3 (3), −CH3 (4), and −H (5)) are compared. The chemical nature and the relative amount of
constitutional comonomer units from butadiene are strongly affected by the bulkiness of the substituent
in positions 3 and 3‘. DFT calculations indicate that the observed dependence of constitutional units
from butadiene on the bulkiness of the alkyl ligand substituent can be easily rationalized by the occurrence
of an unusual insertion mechanism for butadiene. This mechanism, involving butadiene η2 primary
coordination followed by its primary vinyl insertion, becomes largely predominant for catalytic systems
based on the zirconocenes (1−4), which present R ≥ CH3. This kind of butadiene insertion mechanism is
also able to account for the high stereoregularity which is observed for adjacent methylene-1,2-cyclopropane
units.
Background and purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the neurological manifestations in a series of consecutive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive patients, comparing their frequency with a population hospitalized in the same period for flu/respiratory symptoms, finally not related to SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Patients with flu/respiratory symptoms admitted to Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli hospital from 14 March 2020 to 20 April 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. The frequency of neurological manifestations of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection was compared with a control group. Results: In all, 213 patients were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2, after reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on nasal or throat swabs, whilst 218 patients were found to be negative and were used as a control group. Regarding central nervous system manifestations, in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients a higher frequency of headache, hyposmia and encephalopathy always related to systemic conditions (fever or hypoxia) was observed. Furthermore, muscular involvement was more frequent in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19 commonly have neurological manifestations but only hyposmia and muscle involvement seem more frequent compared with other flu diseases.
Half-titanocenes (CpCH 2 CH 2 O)TiCl 2 (1) and (CpCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 )TiCl 3 (2), (Cp ) cyclopentadienyl), activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO), have been tested in the polymerization of styrene, p-methylstyrene, and p-chlorostyrene. Both catalysts produce syndiotactic polystyrene and poly-p-methylstyrene in the whole range of explored temperatures and concentrations. In the polymerization of p-chlorostyrene, however, catalyst 1 affords a syndiotactic polymer only at the low temperature and the high monomer concentrations; and catalyst 2 gives only an atactic product. The results have been compared to those obtained in the presence of the catalytic system CpTiCl 3 (3)/MAO and have been discussed considering the possible oxidation states of the titanium species and the geometries of the active sites.
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