Four distinct meteorological regimes in the Amazon basin have been examined to distinguish the contributions from boundary layer aerosol and convective available potential energy (CAPE) to continental cloud structure and electrification. The lack of distinction in the electrical parameters (peak flash rate, lightning yield per unit rainfall) between aerosol‐rich October and aerosol‐poor November in the premonsoon regime casts doubt on a primary role for the aerosol in enhancing cloud electrification. Evidence for a substantial role for the aerosol in suppressing warm rain coalescence is identified in the most highly polluted period in early October. The electrical activity in this stage is qualitatively peculiar. During the easterly and westerly wind regimes of the wet season, the lightning yield per unit of rainfall is positively correlated with the aerosol concentration, but the electrical parameters are also correlated with CAPE, with a similar degree of scatter. Here cause and effect are difficult to establish with available observations. This ambiguity extends to the “green ocean” westerly regime, a distinctly maritime regime over a major continent with minimum aerosol concentration, minimum CAPE, and little if any lightning.

Radar and satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission-Large-Scale BiosphereAtmosphere (TRMM-LBA) project have been examined to determine causes for convective storm initiation in the southwest Amazon region. The locations and times of storm initiation were based on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol). Both the radar and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-8 (GOES-8) visible data were used to identify cold pools produced by convective precipitation. These data along with high-resolution topographic data were used to determine possible convective storm triggering mechanisms. The terrain elevation varied from 100 to 600 m. Tropical forests cover the area with numerous clear-cut areas used for cattle grazing and farming. This paper presents the results from 5 February 1999. A total of 315 storms were initiated within 130 km of the S-Pol radar. This day was classified as a weak monsoon regime where convection developed in response to the diurnal cycle of solar heating. Scattered shallow cumulus during the morning developed into deep convection by early afternoon. Storm initiation began about 1100 LST and peaked around 1500-1600 LST. The causes of storm initiation were classified into four categories. The most common initiation mechanism was caused by forced lifting by a gust front (GF; 36%). Forcing by terrain (Ͼ300 m) without any other triggering mechanism accounted for 21% of the initiations and colliding GFs accounted for 16%. For the remaining 27% a triggering mechanism was not identified. Examination of all days during TRMM-LBA showed that this one detailed study day was representative of many days. A conceptual model of storm initiation and evolution is presented. The results of this study should have implications for other locations when synoptic-scale forcing mechanisms are at a minimum. These results should also have implications for very short-period forecasting techniques in any location where terrain, GFs, and colliding boundaries influence storm evolution.

Mulches bring several benefits to lettuce cultivation. This work evaluated the effect of mulches on the cultivation of iceberg lettuce, cv. Lucy Brown. The treatment plots were: 1-no mulch and no weed control (control); 2-no mulch and weed control every 15 days; 3-sugarcane bagasse mulch of 2 cm thickness; 4-black plastic mulch; 5-double-faced plastic mulch (silver/black). Data were collected in regard to plant cycle when in the field, amount of chlorophyll in the leaves, productivity (individual weight per head) and amount of nutrients absorbed by the leaves. Double-faced plastic mulch provides the highest productivity and the highest values for the amount of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and iron accumulation in the leaves. Key words: Lactuca sativa, mulching, soil temperature, nutrient PRODUÇÃO DE ALFACE TIPO AMERICANA SOB COBERTURAS DE SOLORESUMO: A utilização da cobertura do solo pode trazer inúmeros benefícios ao cultivo de alface. Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de tipos de coberturas de solo no cultivo de alface tipo americana cv. Lucy Brown. Os tratamentos foram: 1-canteiro sem cobertura e sem capina (testemunha), 2-canteiro sem cobertura, com capina quinzenal, 3-canteiro com cobertura de bagaço de cana de 2 cm de espessura, 4-canteiro com cobertura de plástico preto, 5-canteiro com cobertura de plástico dupla face (prateado/preto). Foram avaliados o ciclo das plantas no campo, a quantidade de clorofila nas folhas, a produção em peso individual de cabeça e a quantidade de nutrientes absorvidos nas folhas. A utilização de cobertura plástica do tipo dupla face proporcionou os maiores valores médios de produção. Foi também o tratamento em que foram obtidos os maiores valores para quantidade de clorofila, nitrogênio, fósforo, enxofre, boro e ferro acumulado nas folhas.

RESUMO: Grande parte do sucesso de uma cultura está em implantá-la com mudas de alta qualidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar métodos de formação de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo quanto à qualidade das muda formada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 1-Mudas formadas em sacolas plásticas, preenchidas com terra adubada e misturada com esterco de curral curtido, com fertirrigação uma vez por semana; 2-Mudas formadas em tubetes de plástico rígido, com substrato à base de casca de pinus e vermiculita, mantidos em bancada e recebendo fertirrigação uma vez por semana; 3-Idêntico ao tratamento 2, utilizando-se bandejas de poliestireno expandido; 4-Idêntico ao tratamento 3, sem fertirrigação, mas com uso de "floating" a cada dois dias; 5-Idêntico ao tratamento 4, com o uso de "floating" todo o período. O delineamento experimental foi completamente aleatorizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Na casa de vegetação, cada parcela foi composta por 64 plantas, sendo avaliadas semanalmente em oito plantas por parcela as seguintes variáveis: altura da planta; comprimento da raiz; matéria seca da parte aérea; matéria seca da parte radicular. O restante das mudas foi levado a campo para determinação da percentagem de pegamento e análise do desenvolvimento vegetativo inicial. Neste segundo estágio, cada parcela foi composta por cinco plantas. Sob casa de vegetação, o tratamento 5 apresentou os maiores valores para todas as variáveis, exceto para comprimento de raiz, onde houve superioridade do tratamento 1. Em campo, observou-se 100% de pegamento para todos os tratamentos, sendo que o tratamento 5 apresentou as maiores médias para altura de plantas. Palavras-chave: 'floating', maracujá, muda, condicionamento METHODS OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT SEEDLING PRODUCTIONABSTRACT: The main part of a successful production of passion fruit is dependent on seedling quality. The present research had the objective of comparing methods of passion fruit seedling production. The treatments were: 1-seedlings formed in plastic bags, filled with fertilized soil, and fertirrigated weekly; 2-seedling formed in rigid plastic tubes, filled with commercial substract, kept on a bench and receiving the same fertirrigation as treatment 1; 3-As treatment 2, but the containers were polystyrene trays; 4-As treatment 3, but the seedlings were not fertirrigated, and were placed into a "floating" system every two days; 5-Same as treatment 4, but the trays were kept throughout the period inside the "floating" system. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. In the greenhouse, the experimental arrangement was composed of 64 plants. Each plot of eight plants was evaluated weekly, for the following variables: 1-plant height; 2-root length; 3-shoot dry weight; 4-root dry weight. After this period, the remaining seedlings were taken to the field for plant survival (%) and development analysis. In this second stage, the experimental arrangement was composed of 5 plants per plot. In the greenhouse, the trays k...