Objective: To assess asthma among Brazilian pediatric population applying the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), an internationally standardized and validated protocol. Data sources: ISAAC was conceived to maximize the value of epidemiologic studies on asthma and allergic diseases, establishing a standardized method (self-applicable written questionnaire and/or video questionnaire) capable to facilitate the international collaboration. Designed to be carried out in three successive and dependent phases, the ISAAC gathered a casuistic hitherto unimaginable in the world and in Brazil. This review included data gathered from ISAAC official Brazilian centers and others who used this method. Data synthesis: At the end of the first phase, it has been documented that the prevalence of asthma among Brazilian schoolchildren was the eighth among all centers participating all over the world. Few centers participated in the second phase and investigated possible etiological factors, especially those suggested by the first phase, and brought forth many conjectures. The third phase, repeated seven years later, assessed the evolutionary trend of asthma and allergic diseases prevalence in centers that participated simultaneously in phases I and III and in other centers not involved in phase I. Conclusions: In Brazil, the ISAAC study showed that asthma is a disease of high prevalence and impact in children and adolescents and should be seen as a Public Health problem. Important regional variations, not well understood yet, and several risk factors were found, which makes us wonder: is there only one or many asthmas in Brazil?

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In Brazil, the prevalence of asthma and related symptoms is quite variable and independent of SES.

ResumoObjetivo: Estabelecer intervalos de concentrações referenciais de cortisol salivar em crianças saudáveis, nos períodos matutino e vespertino, verificando os fatores de interferência nessa dosagem e a possibilidade de presença de ritmo circadiano. Métodos:Pesquisa observacional controlada, incluindo aleatoriamente 91 crianças com idade de 45 dias a 36 meses, residentes em comunidade de Santo André (SP). Critérios de inclusão: nutridas, saudáveis, sem febre ou uso de corticóide, subdivididas em faixas etárias (cinco subgrupos) com intervalo de 6 meses. Houve coleta de saliva domiciliar nos períodos manhã e tarde para dosagem de cortisol, sob radioimunoensaio com anticortisol 3-oxima-albumina bovina.Resultados: Os cinco subgrupos apresentaram dosagens matutinas superiores às vespertinas (p < 0,001), com diferença superior a 30% a partir de 1 ano de idade. Valor médio em nmol/L foi de 557,86 (manhã) e 346,36 (tarde). Observou-se correlação linear negativa na dosagem matutina para horas de repouso e freqüência de dieta (p < 0,05); na vespertina, para medidas antropométricas (p < 0,05). Conclusões:Foram estabelecidos valores de referência de normalidade de cortisol salivar em crianças saudáveis, e aos 45 dias foi possível observar ritmo circadiano, que atingiu maturidade aos 12 meses de vida. Privações de sono e dieta elevaram valores de cortisol matutino.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83(2):121-126: Saliva, ritmo circadiano, eixo hipofisário-adrenal, supressão. AbstractObjective: To establish reference concentration intervals for salivary cortisol in healthy children, in the morning and in the afternoon, investigating factors that interfere with the concentration measured and the possibility that circadian rhythms are present.Methods: A controlled observational study was carried out with 91 children aged 45 days to 36 months, selected at random and living in Santo André, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Inclusion criteria were: healthy, well-nourished, free from fever and corticoid use, subdivided by age group (five subsets) at 6-month intervals. Saliva was collected during home visits in the morning and afternoon. Cortisol was radioimmunoassayed with cortisol 3-oxime-bovine albumin antiserum. Results:The five subsets exhibited higher cortisol concentration during the morning than in the afternoon (p < 0.001), and this difference passed 30% from 1 year of age onwards. Mean concentrations, in nmol/L, were 557.86 (morning) and 346.36 (afternoon). A negative linear correlation was observed between morning concentrations and hours' sleep and frequency of meals (p < 0.05), and in the afternoon with anthropometric measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusions:Reference values for normal salivary cortisol in healthy children were established. At 45 days it was possible to observe circadian rhythms, which reached maturity at 12 months of life. Sleep and food deprivation increased morning cortisol levels.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83(2):121-126: Saliva, circadian rhythm, pituitary-adrenal axis, suppression. IntroduçãoUm grande obstáculo na int...

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