Summary
The present study describes the length–weight (LWR) and length–length relationships (LLR) of Puntius chelynoides (McClelland, 1839), commonly known as the dark mahseer, a coldwater fish species which inhabits fast‐flowing hill‐streams of India and Nepal. A total of 422 specimens were collected between January and June 2010 from a spring‐fed stream in Garhwal Himalaya, India. No information regarding LWRs, LLRs or K of this species was available in FishBase.
Objective: The present study was performed to investigate the role of varying concentrations of carbohydrate source and strengths of nutrient medium in growth and development of in vitro shoots of Swertia chirata-an endangered medicinal plant.Methods: MS medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (4.44 µM), Indole-3 acetic acid (2.85 µM) and Adenine sulphate (271.45 µM) was used to test the efficiency of of sucrose at concentrations of 1-5% and of media strength varying from full to one-fourth. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in GenStat 5 Edition 3.2 for PC/Windows NT (Copyright 1995, Lawes Agricultural Trust (Rothamsted Experimental Station))Results: Observations on axillary shoot multiplication indicated that sucrose at a concentration of 3% and MS medium in its full strength proved to be most optimal for in vitro culture multiplication. On this medium combination mean number of 11.80 shoots (after 4 w) and 18.50 shoots (after 8 w) could be obtained On sucrose free medium the shoots exhibited necrosis while at lower concentrations of 1-2% sucrose, the shoots developed were thin and unsuitable for further growth in vitro. At higher levels of sucrose in the medium, the shoots became thick and stunted. Similarly, reduction in medium strength resulted in a decline in shoot number and shoot length to an average of 6.50 shoots (1.33 cm mean length) on half strength medium and 5.60 shoots (0.88 cm mean length) on one-fourth strength; as observed after 4 w.Conclusion: The experimental findings suggest that any decline from the standard had a significant effect on the number, size and overall health of shoots developed in vitro. The conditions so standardized augment the production of healthy shoots that shall aid in subsequent rooting and survival after transplantation of tissue-culture raised plantlets.
Himachal Pradesh is drained by five main rivers and their tributaries. River Manuni originates from the southern slopes of the Dhauladhar range and joins River Baner on the rear side of the Kangra fort to finally meet the River Beas near Haripur in district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh. The present study was undertaken to investigate the benthic macroinvertebrate communities of River Manuni during March 2009 to February 2011. Monthly samples of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from the three designated sampling sites within an altitudinal range of 610m to 1240m asl. A total of 67 taxa were identified in River Manuni during the study period. Out of which 44 insects were identified up to generic level which belonged to 8 orders and, 12 up to family level belonging to 5 orders. Among other benthic macroinvertebrates, 8 were identified up to generic level belonging to 5 orders. In addition, earthworm, leech and crab were also recorded in Manuni water. Of the taxa recorded, 44 were common in all reaches i.e. higher (1240m), middle (770m) and lower reach (610m) of the River Manuni, whereas some taxa were restricted to specific reach only i.e., 10 taxa were limited to higher reach, 03 taxa to middle reach and 01 taxon was present only in lower reach of River Manuni.
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