Dairy industry effluent will pollute the environment if not properly treated. In the present work, the feasibility of nonthermal plasma (NTP) for the treatment of dairy industry effluent is assessed. The effect of energy yield and plasma intensity on reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal is investigated. Box–Behnken design (BBD) is employed to optimize the operating parameters such as initial pH (5–9), reaction time (4–8 h), effluent flow rate (10–90 ml/min) and applied voltage (20–30 kV) where COD and energy yield are taken as responses. The optimum condition for COD removal and energy yield is same with a pH of 9, effluent flow rate of 10 ml/min and applied voltage of 30 kVp‐p, whereas reaction time differs as 8 and 4 h, respectively. COD reduction of 52% indicates that NTP process is a promising technology for dairy effluent treatment.
Purpose
A novel compensator‐based system has been proposed which delivers intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with cobalt‐60 beams. This could improve access to advanced radiotherapy in low‐ and middle‐income countries. For this system to be clinically viable and to be adapted into the Radiation Planning Assistant (RPA), being developed to offer automated planning services in low‐ and middle‐income countries, it is necessary to commission and validate it in a commercial treatment planning system (TPS).
Methods
The novel treatment device considered here employs a cobalt‐60 source and nine compensators. Each compensator is produced by 3‐D printing a thin plastic mold which is then filled on‐demand within the machine with reusable 2‐mm‐diameter spherical tungsten balls. This system was commissioned in the Eclipse TPS and validation tests were conducted with Monte Carlo using Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission for percentage depth dose, in‐plane profiles, penumbra, and IMRT dose validation. And the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 119 benchmarking testing was performed. Additionally, compensator‐based cobalt‐60 IMRT plans were created for 46 head‐and‐neck cancer cases and compared to the linac‐based volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans used clinically, then dosimetric parameters were evaluated. Beam‐on time for each field was calculated. In addition, the measurement was also performed in a limited environment and compared with the Monte Carlo simulations.
Results
The differences in percent depth doses and in‐plane profiles between the Eclipse and Monte Carlo simulations were 0.65% ± 0.41% and 1.02% ± 0.99%, respectively, and the 80%–20% penumbra agreed within 0.46 ± 0.27 mm. For the Task Group 119 validation plans, all treatment planning goals were met and gamma passing rates were >95% (3%/3 mm criteria). In 46 clinical head‐and‐neck cases, the cobalt‐60 compensator‐based IMRT plans had planning target volume (PTV) coverages similar to linac‐based VMAT plans: all dosimetric values for PTV were within 1.5%. The organs at risk dose parameters were somewhat higher in cobalt‐60 compensator‐based IMRT plans versus linac‐based VMAT plans. The mean dose differences for the spinal cord, brain, and brainstem were 4.43 ± 1.92, 3.39 ± 4.67, and 2.40 ± 3.71 Gy, while those for the rest of the organs were <1 Gy. The average beam‐on time per field was 0.42 ± 0.10 min for the 6 MV multi‐leaf‐collimator plans while those for the cobalt‐60 compensator plans were 0.17 ± 0.01 and 0.31 ± 0.01 min at the dose rates of 350 and 175 cGy/min. There was a good agreement between in‐plane profiles from measurements and Monte Carlo simulations, which differences are 1.34 ± 1.90% and 0.13 ± 2.16% for two different fields.
Conclusions
A novel compensator‐based IMRT system using cobalt‐60 beams was commissioned and validated in a commercial TPS. Plan quality with this system was comparable to that of linac‐based plans in all test cases with shorter estimated beam‐on times. This system ena...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.