Background. The wide range of restorative materials available for use in the computer-aided design/ computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology requires a better understanding of their esthetic properties.Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess the stability of the color and translucency of different CAD/ CAM restorative materials before and after being subjected to different staining solutions.
Material and methods.A total of 160 disc-shaped specimens were prepared from glass ceramic (IPS-e.max ® -CAD and Celtra Duo ® ), high-translucency zirconia (Lava TM Plus), resin nanoceramic (Lava TM Ultimate), and hybrid ceramic (VITA ENAMIC ® ) CAD/CAM blocks (5 groups, n = 32). The specimen color and translucency parameter (TP) were assessed using a spectrophotometer at baseline and after subjecting the specimens to different staining solutions (coffee, cola, ginger, and water). Changes in color (ΔE) and TP (ΔTP) were calculated. The data was analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey' s post hoc test (p < 0.05). The correlation between ΔE and ΔTP was investigated using Pearson' s correlation coefficient.Results. Staining significantly affected the baseline color of all specimens. Ginger had the most significant effect on Lava Plus (ΔE = 4.01 ±1.2), cola on Celtra Duo (ΔE = 2.29 ±0.25) and coffee on Lava Ultimate (ΔE = 2.59 ±0.17). Generally, IPS-e.max-CAD showed the smallest ΔE. No significant differences in ΔTP were found between different staining solutions. Increased ΔE correlated with decreased translucency for all the tested materials and staining solutions.
Conclusions.Staining had a marked effect on the color and translucency of the tested CAD/CAM materials. The color change was staining solution-and material-dependent, with IPS-e.max-CAD showing the greatest color stability.
Although the increased fluoride release from the new glass ionomer has the potential of decreasing decalcification around orthodontic brackets, the shear bond strength of the material is relatively low.
Background: Serious drug abuse and addiction related to dextromethorphan-containing cough preparations has been a problem in the United States since the 1950s, but few physicians are aware of it. Physicians must be alert to the type of substances and quantities used and misused by patients in obtaining a thorough routine history of over-the-counter medication use.Methods: We describe the case of a 66-year-old clerical worker who ingested 4 to 16 oz of dextromethorphan on a regular basis over an 8-year period. We consulted with our local Poison Control Center and undertook a literature search to research previous reports of similar cases to identify the features that would aid physicians in recognition and management of this problem.Results and
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