HighlightsThis study examined long-term trends in antibiotic resistance on a national scale in India.Colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains have emerged in India.In 2014, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli was11.5%, the highest reported to date globally.
The presence of >100 trillion microorganisms (collectively called gut microbiota) in our large intestine is essential for the maintenance of health. The gut microbiota starts to develop before birth and matures within first three years of life. The Western diet and lifestyle have been implicated in causing an imbalance of gut microbial communities and their metabolites that consequence in disease states, such as obesity and asthma. With more than 13% of the world population currently living with obesity and one out of 10 children diagnosed with asthma, we explore here the recent developments in the biosynthesis and mode of action of the key metabolites in relation to these two chronic inflammatory conditions.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aqueous
Withania somnifera
root (
WSR
) extract in broiler chicks experimentally infected with
Escherichia coli
O78 @ 10
7
CFU/0.5 ml intraperitoneally. Clinical signs and mortality due to colibacillosis observed in infected chicks were mild and lasted for short duration in WSR extract supplemented group as compared with the nonsupplemented group. A significant increase in serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase activities and a decrease in total protein and albumin concentrations were observed in the infected groups, though these changes were of lower magnitude in WSR extract supplemented group. A significantly higher activity of oxidative blood parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase enzymes were noticed in WSR extract supplemented group. The WSR extract supplemented group revealed significantly higher
E. coli–
specific antibody titer and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation response as compared with the nonsupplemented group. The gross and histopathological lesions of colibacillosis were mild in the WSR extract–supplemented infected group as compared with the nonsupplemented infected group.
Withania somnifera
root extract supplementation produced 31.48 and 34.38% protection in the gross and histopathological lesions in
E. coli
infected chicks, respectively. It is concluded that supplementation of 20% WSR extract @ 20 ml/L of water caused a reduction in the severity, mortality, and recovery period of
E. coli
infection and enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses suggesting its protective effect on limiting the pathology of
E. coli
infection in broiler chickens.
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