Debates over whether transnational and international legal institutions are fair, effective, or legitimate responses to corruption of local public officials have an important empirical dimension. We use case studies to examine whether foreign legal institutions serve as fair, effective, and legitimate complements to local anticorruption institutions. We refer to this set of claims as the “institutional complementarity theory.” The first case study centers on proceedings concerning bribes paid by subsidiaries of Siemens AG, a German company, to obtain and retain a contract to provide national identity cards for the Argentine government. The second case study examines events stemming from overbilling in the construction of a courthouse in Brazil. Analysis of these cases suggests that the institutional complementary theory is credible. At the same time, the findings suggest that local institutions have greater potential, and foreign institutions have more limited potential, than the theory assumes.
Este texto apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre os argumentos mobilizados pelo Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo para decidir as penas aplicadas aos chamados “pequenos traficantes”. Ao focalizar os processos decisórios e suas motivações, essa pesquisa aposta no papel crucial que desempenha o poder judiciário para a produção de diagnósticos sobre o funcionamento do sistema de justiça criminal e, a partir deles, para a elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas a conter o superencarceramento. O método de coleta e análise de dados permitiu a identificação e organização dos argumentos mais frequentes em 266 acórdãos, bem como contribuiu a desvendar o modo como o Tribunal posicionou-se diante das mudanças jurisprudenciais e normativas da última década. Esses dados foram então discutidos à luz das chaves de análise propostas por Dan Kaminski, em especial no tocante às tensões entre as normatividades institucionais, organizacionais e profissionais nas práticas penais. Com base nesse método de trabalho foi possível observar de que modo o Tribunal reage aos precedentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal e expande seu arsenal argumentativo para negar a substituição das penas prisionais por restritivas de direitos. Destacaram-se, nesse ponto, as teias argumentativas relacionadas à percepção dos magistrados sobre o tráfico de drogas e sobre a insuficiência das penas alternativas.
Brazil has the third largest prison population worldwide-over 700,000 people. At least 28% of them are in prison for drug trafficking. Given that situation, this paper explores the conflicts among the law; the Supremo Tribunal Federal, or Brazilian Federal Supreme Court (STF) and lower court precedents.
The purpose of this article is to provide a comparative analysis of the transnational legal processes that Brazil and Argentina underwent to address money laundering. The article discusses the interaction between the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) norms and a number of changes both countries have experienced in the last decade. The comparison focuses on the three central pillars of the anti‐money laundering order (AMLO): criminalization, administrative obligations imposed on the financial sectors, and the creation of a financial intelligence unit. Building from the analytical framework developed by Shaffer (2011), the evidence gathered in this study illustrates different dimensions of state change and highlights the main challenges to assess the effectiveness (output legitimacy) of transnational legal orders empirically.
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