Measuring the Lewis‐acidic surface sites in catalysis is problematic when the material‘s surface area is very low (SBET ≤1 m2 ⋅ g−1). For the first time, a quantitative assessment of total acidic surface sites of very small surface area catalysts (MoO3 as pure and mixed with 5–30 % CdO (wt/wt), as well as CdO for comparison) was performed using a smart new probe molecule, tetrahydrofuran (THF). The results were nearly identical compared to using another commonly used probe molecule, pyridine. This audition is based on the limited values of the surface area of these samples that likely require a relatively moderate basic molecule as THF with pKb=16.08, rather than strong basic molecules such as NH3 (pKb=4.75) or pyridine (pKb=8.77). We propose mechanisms for the interaction of vapour phase molecules of THF with the Lewis‐cationic Mo and Cd atoms of these catalysts. Besides, dehydration of isopropyl alcohol was used as a probe reaction to investigate the catalytic activity of these catalysts to further support our findings in the case of THF in a temperature range of 175–300 °C. A good agreement between the obtained data of sample MoO3‐10 % CdO, which is characterised by the highest surface area value, the population of Lewis‐acidic sites and % selectivity of propylene at all the applied reaction temperatures was found.
The utilization of Mg−O−F prepared from Mg(OH) 2 mixed with different wt % of F in the form of (NH 4 F•HF), calcined at 400 and 500 °C, for efficient capture of CO 2 is studied herein in a dynamic mode. Two different temperatures were applied using a slow rate of 20 mL•min −1 (100%) of CO 2 passing through each sample for only 1 h. Using the thermogravimetry (TG)-temperature-programed desorption (TPD) technique, the captured amounts of CO 2 at 5 °C were determined to be in the range of (39.6−103.9) and (28.9−82.1) mg COd 2 •g −1 for samples of Mg(OH) 2 mixed with 20−50% F and calcined at 400 and 500 °C, respectively, whereas, at 30 °C, the capacity of CO 2 captured is slightly decreased to be in the range of (32.2−89.4) and (20.9− 55.5) mg COd 2 •g −1 , respectively. The thermal decomposition of all prepared mixtures herein was examined by TG analysis. The obtained samples calcined at 400 and 500 °C were characterized by X-ray diffraction and surface area and porosity measurements. The total number of surface basic sites and their distribution over all samples was demonstrated using TG-and differential scanning calorimetry-TPD techniques using pyrrole as a probe molecule. Values of (ΔH) enthalpy changes corresponding to the desorption steps of CO 2 were calculated for the most active adsorbent in this study, that is, Mg(OH) 2 + 20% F, at 400 and 500 °C. This study's findings will inspire the simple preparation and economical design of nanocomposite CO 2 sorbents for climate change mitigation under ambient conditions.
Ammonia is one of the most harmful water quality parameters restricting the growth and survival of aquatic living organisms. As a result, fish must adapt to this stressor by modifying physiological processes that are governed by gene expression regulation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression profiles of antioxidant related gene, catalase (CAT) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings after exposure to 0.7 mg/l of unionized ammonia (UIA) in water. The relative gene expression was measured in liver, gills, and brain tissues at four time points (12 h, 2 d, 4 d, and 7 d post exposure). The expression level of CAT gene in the liver and brain peaked after 7 d of ammonia exposure by 13.3 and 5.2-folds, respectively, but in gills it upregulated only after 2 d (2.7-folds) and downregulated at the other time points. This study proved that exposure to ammonia affects the antioxidant status of common carp as indicated by the altered levels of expression of CAT gene.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.