Background:Chitosan nanoparticles have gained growing interest for nanomedicine, biomedical engineering and development of new therapeutic with improved bioavailability, increased sensitivity and specificity, and reduced toxicity. Objective: The aim of the present study is to synthesis of the chitosan nanoparticles for antimycobacterial applications. Methods: Chitosan were isolated from the shrimp shell. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) will be used to prepare chitosan nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation method. The size and morphology of the chitosan nanoparticle was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The broth microdilution method is used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoparticle chitosan on strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Results: The SEM micrographs of the nano-magnetic chitosan showed that they were approximately uniform spheres and the rough surface morphology, have a solid dense cubical or rectangular structure. Using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, chitosan nanoparticle was found to have the antimycobacterial effects with a MIC value of 1200 μg/mL whilst MBCs value of 2400 μg/mL for M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Conclusion: The conclusion from the study was chitosan nanoparticle have potential as a source of lead compounds that may be developed further into antimycobacterial drugs.

Background:Lead is one of the most toxic metals, producing severe organ damage in animals and humans. Oxidative stress is reported to play an important role in lead acetate-induced liver injury.Aim:This study was carried out to investigate the role of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii in protecting against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in male mice.Materials and Methods:The sample used fifty male mice which were divided into five groups: negative control (mice were given daily with Aquadest); positive control (mice were given daily with lead acetate 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally once in a day for 21 days); and the treatment group (mice were given E. cottonii extracts 200 mg, 400 mg, and 800 mg/kg BW orally once in a day for 25 days, and on the 4th day, were given lead acetate 20 mg/kg BW 1 h after E. cottonii extract administration for 21 days). On day 25, the levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. The data of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, MDA, SOD, and GPx were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by least significant difference test.Results:The results showed that oral administration of lead acetate 20 mg/kg BW for 21 days resulted in a significant increase in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and MDA levels. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in SOD and GPx levels. Treatment with E. cottonii extracts of 800 mg/kg BW but not with 200 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the elevated SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and MDA levels as compared to positive control group. Treatment with E. cottonii extracts of 800 mg/kg BW also showed a significant increase in SOD and GPx levels as compared to positive control group. Treating mice with lead acetate showed different histopathological changes such as loss of the normal structure of hepatic cells, blood congestion, and fatty degeneration whereas animals treated with lead acetate and E. cottonii extracts showed an improvement in these changes and the tissue appeared with normal structures.Conclusion:It can be concluded that E. cottonii extracts could be a potent natural product and can provide a promising hepatoprotective effect against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.SUMMARY In summary, Oxidative stress reported to play an important role in lead acetate induced liver injury. The lead acetate treatment significantly increased the SGOT, SGPT, ALP, MDA, and decreased the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in liver. The inhibition of antioxidant enzymes will increase free radicals in liver tissues and might induce liver injury in mice. The presence of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii with lead acetate showed protective effects as attenuating lead acetate against its liver toxicity, and this may be due to the activity of ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii as antioxidant. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) were increased, and MDA, SGOT, SGPT, ALP were decreased after ...

Background:The active components of natural products provide a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapy for a variety of diseases conditions and become subject to scientific investigations currently worldwide. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of the chitosan nanoparticle on Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on various groups of healthy adult rats. The assessment of immunomodulatory potential was carried out by neutrophil adhesion test, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and phagocytic activity were determined in various groups of animals. Results: The administration of chitosan nanoparticle at doses 300 mg/kg BW and 600 mg/kg BW but not at doses 150 mg/kg BW significantly increased in neutrophil adhesion fibers, haemagglutinating antibody titre values and potentiated the inhibited type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. Also, it had good response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay and prevented myelosuppression of cyclophosphamide on rats. Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle responsible for immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune depressed conditions.

Gili  Ketapang  merupakan  pulau  kecil  yang  secara  administratif  masuk  dalam  wilayah Kecamatan  Sumberasih  Kabupaten  Probolinggo,  dengan mayoritas masyarakatnya bermata pencaharian  sebagai  nelayan. Pengelolaan sampah di lingkungan sekitar dianggap masih minim sehingga terlihat jelas banyaknya sampah yang berserakan di bibir pantai yang berjarak dekat dengan pemukiman. Sampah plastik akan mengalami degradasi menjadi plastik yang lebih kecil dari ukuran semula yang disebut dengan mikroplastik. Mikroplastik merupakan jenis sampah plastik yang berukuran lebih kecil dari 5 mm, dapat mengapung atau tenggelam karena berat massa jenis mikroplastik lebih ringan daripada air laut. Jenis mikroplastik yang banyak ditemukan di perairan yaitu fragment,fiber,dan film. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis, warna, ukuran dan kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sedimen di Gili Ketapang, Probolinggo. Metode yang digunakan diawali dengan pengambilan sampel air secara purposive random sampling. Sampel sedimen digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi mikroplastik menggunakan mikroskop dengan perbesaran 10 kali. Jenis mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada sedimen di Gili Ketapang, Probolinggo adalah fiber, fragmen dan film. Pada sedimen ditemukan beberapa warna untuk fiber yaitu biru, hijau dan merah, untuk jenis fragmen berwarna kuning, biru, merah, dan hijau, sedangkan pada jenis filamen ditemukan hanya satu warna yaitu putih bening. Ukuran mikroplastik pada sedimen 0,025 – 2,975 mm. Kelimpahan mikroplastik pada sedimen di 3 stasiun paling banyak pada jenis film sebanyak 1635 partikel/kg dan paling sedikit adalah 1180 partikel/kg dengan jenis mikroplastik fiber. Gili Ketapang is a small island that is administratively included in the Sumberasih District of Probolinggo Regency, with the majority of the people living as fishermen. Waste Management in the surrounding environment is considered to be still minimal so that it is clear that there is a lot of garbage scattered on the shoreline close to settlements. Plastic waste will degrade into plastic that is smaller than its original size called microplastics. Microplastics are a type of plastic waste that is smaller than 5 mm, can float or sink because the weight of the density of microplastics is lighter than sea water. The types of microplastics found in water are fragments,fibers, and films. This study aims to determine the type, color, size and abundance of microplastics in sediments in Gili Ketapang, Probolinggo. The method used begins with water sampling called purposive random sampling. Sediment samples were used to identify microplastics using a microscope with a magnification of 10 times. The types of microplastics found in sediments in Gili Ketapang, Probolinggo are fibers, fragments and films. In the sediment found several colors for fiber such as blue, green and red, for the type of fragments are yellow, blue, red, and green, while in the type of filaments found only one color is clear white. The size of microplastics in sediments is 0.025-2.975 mm. The abundance of microplastics in sediments at 3 stations in the type of film as much as 1635 particles/kg and at least 1180 particles/kg with the type of microplastics fiber mostly.

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