The phosphorization of molybdenum leads to a good non-noble metal catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in both acidic and alkaline conditions.

Photoluminescence of graphene quantum-dot can be sensitively tuned by size, edge configurations, shape, chemical functionalities, defects, heteroatom-doping and hybridization states.

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Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are emerging zero-dimensional materials promising a wide spectrum of applications, particularly, as superior fluorescent reporters for bio-imaging and optical sensing. Heteroatom doping can endow GQDs with new or improved photoluminescence properties. Here, we demonstrate a simple strategy for the synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped GQDs from a single biomolecule precursor (adenosine triphosphate - ATP). Such ATP-GQDs exhibit high fluorescence quantum yield, strong two-photon upconversion, small molecular weight, high photostability, and good biocompatibility. Furthermore, transferrin conjugated ATP-GQDs have been used for imaging and real-time tracking of transferrin receptors in live cells.

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