Background: Hepatitis B is a serious, global, public health problem that gives rise to hepatocellular carcinoma / liver cancer with a mortality rate of about 600000 people, worldwide. Despite increasing prevalence of HBV and health care workers (HCWs) being at high risk for HBV, there is paucity of information on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) concerning HBV among HCWs, especially among developing countries like Ghana. Improved HBV related knowledge is imperative for developing an informed positive environment which can import, support and maintain HVB control good practices. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate KAP of HCWs was undertaken amongst 175 HCWs of Suntreso Government Hospital, Ghana. KAP regarding HBV were assessed using a standardized structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics for patients' demographic characteristics and mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice of HCWs were applied. To establish association between study variables, Kruskal Wallis test and to assess the association between the KAP scores, Spearman's rho correlation were used. Results: Mean scores for KAP were 13.691±2.81, 6.685±2.28 and 2.23±1.19 respectively. Age, occupation and experience were significantly associated with mean knowledge scores (p<0.05). Spearman rank correlation revealed significant positive correlations between knowledge-attitude (r = 0.539, p < 0.01), knowledge-practice (r = 0.388, p < 0.01) and attitude-practice (r = 0.458, p < 0.01). Conclusions:The study highlighted non-optimal KAP with regards to several aspects of HBV. Hence, there arises a need for policy guidelines along with extensive health education campaigns to manage all aspects of KAP of HCWs regarding HBV.
Context:Electronic media has become a part of day-to-day life for all, and particularly more so for children and adolescents. Exposure to electronic media may be beneficial as well as harmful.Aim:The aim of the study is to systematically synthesize existing published and non-published empirical evidence on the effect of exposure to electronic media on diet, exercise, and sexual activity.Methodology:Two reviewers independently searched online databases such as MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE. We applied no language, date, or publication restrictions.Selection Criteria:We included randomized control trials that assessed the effect of exposure of electronic media on diet, exercise, and sexual activity in participants between 5 and 19 years.Study Selection, Data Extraction:Two reviewers independently screened studies identified in electronic search and independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies.Data Analysis:We had planned to use the risk ratio or odds ratio for dichotomous data, and mean difference (MD) or standardized MD for continuous data. However, as included studied differed in types of intervention and reporting of outcomes, we did not undertake meta-analysis.Main Results:All included trials were parallel randomized controlled trials except for one that was a crossover trial. Eight studies reported the effect of electronic media on diet and exercise, two on diet, two on exercise, and one on sexual activity. Quality of evidence was rated as “very low” for all outcomes due to too little information or too few data to be able to reach to any conclusions.Conclusions:There is a little body of evidence that limits conclusions. We need to comprehend as to how to swap undesirable effects of electronic media and make it more desirable.Registration of Systematic Review:This systematic review has been registered at PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (Registration number: PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018086935) available at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=86935.
METHODSThe integrated HTA approach shall include causal chain analysis (CCA), systematic literature review (SLR) and economic modelling. Causal Chain Analysis-Causal chains for anaemia in the children shall be assembled consisting of system characterisation, identification of the activities and the impacts, and their links to the anaemia impacts. Systematic Literature Review-The factors identified by the CCA will define the scope of the SLR and additional factors will be further explored. RCTs and SLRs which evaluated the effect of interventions for childhood anaemia shall be searched and included. An approach proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration and GRADE profiler shall be used. Economic Modelling-Economic model shall estimate the costs/benefits/drawbacks related with childhood anaemia in the developing countries and ensuing influence on the health-care system. The structure will be determined based on available research evidence. The data will be obtained from SLR or other pertinent evidences. RESULTSResults of the Systematic Literature Review, the Causal Chain Analysis, and the Economic Modelling will be combined together to create a consolidated report. CONCLUSIONSHTA shall be useful to policy-makers and health-care personnel in developing completely novel ways of understanding how different intervention effects change in childhood anaemia in developing countries.
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