This investigation describes the pattern of changes in mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps, biceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses during the course of pregnancy, and its relationship with maternal and newborn outcomes. A prospective cohort of 1066 pregnant women were selected in seven different urban regions in Argentina. Measurements of MUAC were carried out at 16, 28 and 36 gestational weeks. In a subsample of 488 women, triceps, biceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured. Mean total increase in subscapular, tricipital and bicipital skinfolds from 16 to 36 weeks of gestation were 4.5, 3.6 and 2.6 mm, respectively. MUAC showed a mean increase of 1.7 cm in the same period. Overweight or obese women at the start of pregnancy had lower increases in all measurements compared with women with normal or low body mass index. Maternal anthropometry was related to birthweight; women who gave birth to infants of less than 3000 g had lower average values in all measurements than those who had normal birthweight infants. LMS curves for MUAC and skinfolds by gestational age are presented, which can be used as a reference to assess maternal nutrition status during pregnancy. MUAC, tricipital and subscapular skinfold for gestational age curves are proposed for monitoring maternal nutritional status during pregnancy. MUAC cut-off points of 24.5, 25.5 and 26.5 cm for 16, 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, respectively, are also proposed as a proxy to detect low birthweight.
This BMI for gestational age chart, based on women who delivered normal birth weight infants and processed with modern statistical methods, represents an improvement in pre-natal care monitoring.
El embarazo implica una importante actividad anabólica que determina un aumento de las necesidades nutricionales con relación al periodo preconcepcional. El presente trabajo se propone revisar los conocimientos actuales sobre las necesidades energéticas, de macro y micronutrientes durante la gestación, así como también los lineamientos para abordar los trastornos gastrointestinales frecuentes durante el embarazo, la problemática de pica y la valoración antropométrica para asegurar una ganancia de peso óptima. La mayoría de los nutrientes requeridos por la gestación pueden ser proporcionados por una alimentación completa y balanceada. Actualmente la evidencia científica demuestra que la suplementación rutinaria con hierro y ácido fólico durante la gestación, constituye una práctica que previene la anemia ferropénica, los trastornos del tubo neural y los nacimientos pretérmino. La suplementación intermitente puede ser una alternativa igualmente eficaz. Cuando la alimentación no garantiza un aporte adecuado también pueden ser necesarios suplementos de yodo, vitamina B 12 y vitamina D. La valoración antropométrica mediante el patrón de ganancia de peso debiera estar presente en cada consulta del control prenatal para evitar complicaciones maternas y fetales. En situaciones donde el peso materno no se puede valorar, la circunferencia muscular del brazo es una alternativa posible para realizar una evaluación general ya que se correlaciona de manera adecuada con el aumento de peso materno. Las mediciones de los pliegues cutáneos del bíceps, tríceps y subescapular constituyen otra alternativa que resulta de utilidad para evaluar los depósitos grasos y su localización, en forma complementaria a la ganancia de peso corporal. PALABRAS CLAVEEmbarazo R E S U M E NEstado actual del conocimiento sobre el cuidado nutricional de la mujer embarazada R
Introduction: Breastfeeding mothers' nutritional status affects milk quality and children's nutrition in a key period for life. Objectives: Identifying and describing breastfeeding mothers' social representations during this period related with nutrition as self-care; connotations referred to food products and supplements; post-partum weight retention and information sources consulted on this matter. Materials and Methods: Ten in depth interviews were performed in healthy adult breastfeeding mothers. Interviews were analyzed with a qualitative methodology considering Health Beliefs, PRECEDE and Health Promotion models, employing the Grounded Theory. Results: Women consider nutrition as a health conditioning factor and refer dietary changes implementation during pregnancy, which are not always kept during breastfeeding. Disorganization was mentioned regarding feeding and commensality, prioritizing their child's health over their own. Vegetables and liquids are attributed to positive connotations, referring increased consumption. Certain foods are limited as they are considered less healthy ("junk food", sweets, sodas, cookies, spices, coffee and mate) while others, like milk, have been associated with negative effects. Insufficient weight gain during pregnancy is valorized as an achievement due to pairs approval and appearance. Association between breastfeeding and previous weight recovery is weak and doubted. Lack of information on feeding and breastfeeding even among health professionals is recognized. In case of doubts, mothers follow the closest belief affectively. Conclusions: Identifying and characterizing beliefs and barriers for maternal eating practices allow including socio-cultural aspects both in the design of public health policies and in individual nutritional counseling.
La selección de alimentos y el aporte de nutrientes durante la gestación repercuten en la salud de la mujer y en la de las futuras generaciones. El propósito del trabajo fue conocer la adecuación en la ingesta de nutrientes y sus variaciones durante el embarazo en una cohorte de 726 mujeres mayores a 19 años provenientes de 7 regiones geográficas de Argentina. El consumo de alimentos se registró mediante el método de recordatorio de 24 horas del día anterior en dos momentos de la gestación, antes de la semana 16 y entre las semanas 28 y 36. En una submuestra se realizó un segundo recordatorio en un día no consecutivo al primer registro para determinar la variabilidad interindividual. Las ingestas de fibra dietética, hierro y calcio mostraron la mayor probabilidad de inadecuación, resultando inferiores a la recomendación en más del 95% de las embarazadas. Se observó un incremento en las cantidades consumidas de nutrientes hacia el final del embarazo, independientemente del aporte energético que se mantuvo con pocas variaciones y estuvo en el orden de las 1970 kcal diarias. Las ingestas estimadas de fibra, vitamina A y vitamina C fueron las que presentaron los mayores valores de variabilidad, superiores a 0,74 tanto al inicio como al final del embarazo. Los valores de variabilidad intraindividual observados pueden utilizarse para estimar con mayor precisión la ingesta de energía y de nutrientes en una población similar de la que solo se dispone de un solo recordatorio de 24 horas para cada gestante.
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