Two sets of global inventories of anthropogenic emissions of both oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen for circa 1985 have been produced under the umbrella of the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program. The two sets of inventories have different temporal, sectoral, and vertical resolution. Both were compiled using the same data sets; default data sets of global emissions have been refined via the use of more detailed regional data sets. This article reports on the compilation of the annual, one‐vertical‐level inventories, called version 1A; the inventory files are available to the scientific community via anonymous file transform protocol (FTP). Existing global inventories and regional inventories have been updated and combined on a 1° × 1° longitude/latitude grid. The resulting global anthropogenic emissions are 65 Tg S yr−1 and 21 Tg N yr−1; qualitative uncertainty estimates have been assigned on a regional basis. Emissions of both SOx and NOx are strongly localized in the highly populated and industrialized areas of eastern North America and across Europe; other smaller regions of large emissions are associated with densely populated areas with developed industries or in connection with exploitation of fuels or mineral reserves. The molar ratio of nitrogen to sulfur emissions reflects the overall character of sources; its value is generally between 0.33 and 10 for industrialized and heavily populated areas but varies over a wide range for other areas. We suggest that those requiring sulfur or nitrogen emission inventories standardize on the GEIA inventories, which we believe are authoritative and which are freely available to all users by anonymous FTP.
The global usage of technical HCH and lindane in 1980 and 1990 are presented. The total global usage for technical HCH was estimated to be 40 000 t in 1980 and 29 000 t in 1990, and for lindane it was 5900 t in 1980 and 4000 t in 1990. Based on these data, the global usage of both α-HCH and γ-HCH were calculated. The total usage of α-HCH was around 28 000 t in 1980 and 20 400 t in 1990, while the total usage of γ-HCH was around 11 900 t in 1980 and 8400 t in 1990. The ratio of γ-HCH to α-HCH was 0.43 in 1980 and 0.41 in 1990. The usage data on countries are then mapped to a grid system with 1° × 1° longitude/latitude resolution to be useful for modeling. It is suggested that banning usage of technical HCH by a number of countries, such as China in the early 1980s and the former Soviet Union in the beginning of 1990s, may contribute to the decline of the atmospheric concentrations of both α-HCH and γ-HCH in 1992−1993. While many countries banned use of technical HCH in 1980s, lindane was still used by many countries around world in 1990.
Global emission inventories, being the key information for the global budgets of trace metals, have become available only recently. The latest information on emissions and sources of trace metals on a global scale is presented in this paper. As the global assessments are prepared on the basis of estimates of regional emissions, these latter data are also reviewed here. A comparison of the worldwide atmospheric emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources suggests that various human activities are the dominant source of many trace metals, including As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. A comparison of the atmospheric and aquatic emissions indicates that, for most of the trace metals, the annual anthropogenic inputs into water exceed the quantities emitted to the atmosphere. However, the largest quantities of trace metals are discharged to the terrestrial environment. So far, the Pb budget seems to be the most accurate owing to a large body of information available on this element. The largest emissions of Pb were estimated for gasoline combustion, contributing about two thirds of the total emissions to the atmosphere. Emissions from nonferrous metal production contributed about one quarter. Emissions from the European and Asian sources contributed each about one third of the global emissions, followed by emissions from sources in North America. A spatial distribution of the global Pb emissions is presented within a 1 × 1° grid system.Key words: trace metals, lead, global emission, emission map.
Emission factors of ct-hexachlorocyclohexane, the major isomer of technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) for spray events and tilling events, are distributed on a 1 øxl o longitude and latitude grid system. Estimations of global gridded ct-HCH emissions in 1980 and 1990 due to 15 consecutive years of application of technical HCH are presented. The total global usage of ct-HCH was estimated to be around 290 kt in 1980 and 59 kt in 1990. Total global HCH emissions in 1980 were 184 kt, 92.5% of which was contributed by the current use of HCH in 1980 and 7.5%, by the residues due to the use of technical HCH since 1966. Total global ct-HCH emissions in 1990 were 44 kt, 93% of which was contributed by the current use of ct-HCH in 1990 and 7%, by the residues due to the use of technical HCH since 1976. In 1980 approximately 74% of the global ct-HCH emissions originated in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, followed by around 19% in the Northern Hemisphere tropics, while in 1990 approximately 54% of the global ct-HCH emissions originated in the Northern Hemisphere tropics, followed by around 37% in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. Emissions of ct-HCH were strongly localized in Asia. Among total global ct-HCH emissions, 85% and 75% originated in Asia in 1980 and 1990, respectively. Study of trends of ct-HCH residue shows that ct-HCH can remain in the soil for more than 10 years after its ban in countries such as China and Japan. The trends of ct-HCH concentration in the soils in the Kitakyushu District, Japan, and Taihu Lake basin, China, estimated from our model fit the monitoring data in the same areas quite well. Qualitative uncertainty estimates have also been ,,ssigned on a regional basis.
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