Air wheel generator or wind turbine generator has capabilities in generating electricity even at the lowest speed. Recently, the Savonius wind turbine with combined wind deflector and housing that applied at the top of car roof. In this paper, the unidirectional vertical axis wind turbine with two blades of Savonius type and belting system have been numerically optimizes using Computational-Particle Swarm Optimization (CFD-PSO). The 5-step optimization was done systematically to determine the related formulation based on the geometrical dimension of wind turbine blade and design constraints. The simplified model of the classical cantilever beam was used in formulating the bending stress and deflection as a constraint. Then the simulation analysis in Matlab was performed using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method in minimization the mass of blades. The current generation was compared to the initial design OPTION 1 for the blades with a mass of 1.3414 kg. From simulation analysis results, the researcher found OPTION 3 has m3 =0.8387 kg with 37.5% mass reduction of blades. The result of OPTION 3= [0.1 0.001] with belting unit were proposed to be used in prototype development that achieving the objective in minimization the mass of blades but not fulfil the minimum power and current generated caused by the existing generator type not enough rotational speed with minimum of 1400 for cut in speed for standard automotive application.
Malaysia has a great potential to harness energy in water due to its long coastline within the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. Malaysia's energy mix could be improved using marine current energy devices (MCEDs) to replace fossil fuel and it is predictable energy compare to hydropower, solar photovoltaic (PV), and biomass. However, MCEDs is not been fully developed in Malaysia. The objectives of this paper are to provide a useful background for policymakers or researchers in the types of MCEDs and potential sites location of MCEDs that are applicable in Malaysia. This review also discusses the issues and challenges of MCEDs in Malaysia. Five types of MCEDs were discussed including tidal range energy, tidal stream energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, and salinity gradient energy. These MCEDs are compared for their suitability of application in Malaysia. Among all MCEDs, tidal stream energy is identified as high potential and commercially viable in Malaysia. However, ocean characteristics in Malaysia are low kinetic energy-flux density, low current speed, low tide, and shallow water; only fulfill the minimum requirement of tidal stream turbine making the tidal stream energy resources not significant enough to contribute to the nation's energy mix. Therefore, using diffuser augmented tidal stream turbines to increase the flow velocity should be studied thoroughly.
Abstract. In orthopaedic surgery internal fixation of bone fractures using immobilization screws and plate is common procedure. This surgical procedure involved drilling into bone and fixative components interaction. Many problems are encountered with the bone drilling process such as holes accuracy, drill wander and excessive heat generation which were directly related with the drilling parameter. This paper investigates the effect of drilling parameter namely spindle speed and feed rate on the cutting force and surface roughness performance. Design of Experiment (DOE) historical data of Response Surface Method (RSM) were adopted to evaluate the correlation between the cutting parameter and the holes performance. From the conducted investigation, the most significant parameter that affect the holes performance was spindle speed followed by the feed rate. In addition, the interaction between feed rate and spindle speed also controlled the holes performances.
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