The use of m-learning, also known as mobile learning, allows the new generation of people to have better communication and activities regardless of location and time. The purpose of this research is to understand more about how students learn English using their mobile devices. Mobile technologies are increasingly being used in language teaching and learning. MALL (Mobile Assisted Language Learning) allows anybody to study regardless of their location, job, studies, and time constraints. In mobile learning, smartphones, iPods, tablets, computers, and iPads are utilised to facilitate language acquisition. There are various applications available for persons studying English as a second language. This research looks at how mobile apps are classified for elementary, secondary, and tertiary learners. This research focuses on the implementation, analysis, and assessment of language learning mobile apps. The concept, technique, theoretical, and pedagogical characteristics that drive modern mobile applications are also discussed in this article. Because these applications are designed to help learners improve their language abilities, the focus should be on learning the four important language skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing using mobile technology. It also reveals that apps are more effective at teaching listening and speaking skills than traditional learning techniques.
A permutative matrix is a matrix whose rows are permutations of its first row. A permutative doubly stochastic (PDS) matrix is a nonnegative matrix which is both permutative and doubly stochastic (DS). In this article, we study eigenvalue region of PDS matrices of order up to 4. First we propose to characterize the set of all (symbolic) PDS matrices of order n by dividing it into equivalence classes, which are called cogredient classes such that any two matrices in a class are permutationally similar. This results into determining the eigenvalue region of PDS matrices as union of eigenvalue regions of all the cogredient classes of such matrices. We determine explicit symbolic representation of matrices in these classes of PDS matrices of order 2, 3, and 4, and use it to determine the eigenvalue region with the support of numerical computations. We prove that eigenvalue regions of PDS matrices of order 2 and order 3 are the same as that of DS matrices of order 2 and order 3, respectively. We show that the eigenvalue region of the set of all 4 × 4 PDS matrices, Λ(PDS4), is a proper subset of the eigenvalue region of the set of all 4 × 4 doubly stochastic matrices, ω4 by constructing two line segments in the complex plane, which are in ω4 but not in Λ(PDS4). We conclude the article with a conjecture about the boundary of the region Λ(PDS4).
Coconut is inseparable part of life of people of southern India particularly in the states of Kerala and Tamilnadu. Coconut as tender coconut water, coconut gratings, coconut milk, coconut oil etc. find its way in at least one food item cooked daily the people of this southern part of India. Due to extreme shortage in people to climb the coconut trees and pluck the coconuts, the cost of coconuts is increasing steeply. One solution to this problem is to have a robotic coconut tree climber with an arm to cut the coconuts. In this research work, we present the design, implementation and testing of robotic arms to be used in these robotic coconut tree climbers, to cut the coconuts. Different robotic arm designs are presented with proper analysis and results.
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