Increasing burden of obesity, the metabolic syndrome (MetS), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and CardioVascular Diseases (CVD) in developing countries has created an urgent need for more researches on the various factors responsible for increasing their prevalence. Literature search was carried out using the terms obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, the metabolic syndrome, and developing countries, in order to review the criteria and risk factors of MetS and its prevalence in Middle East countries from web sites and published documents. The prevalence of the syndrome and its underlying factors was also compared between some of the Middle East and some of European and American countries. The pattern of the components of metabolic syndrome varies in the Middle East region in comparison with Europe and North America. In addition to differences of diet behaviors, the genetic factors and some of geographic dependent elements may influence the variation of metabolic syndrome architecture worldwide particularly in the Middle East region.
Introduction Nowadays, the influence of maternal nutrition on different aspects of labour and fetal health is widely investigated. Optimal life style and proper diet are recommended to decline the risk of birth defects (1). Dietary advices should be offered to women for promoting their child health and weight (2). It is believed that restricted nutrition could interfere with physiologic adjustments of pregnancy, cause fetal developmental impairment, induce labour, and increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (3, 4). In addition, the ability to have an effect on offspring sex is an issue that is often considered by the parents from past until now. A number of reasons have been mentioned for sex selection including family planning, cultural background, parental preference of a specific gender, and prevention of the sex-linked genetic diseases. Natural and technical methods such as diet, timing of sexual intercourse, prefertilisation sperm sorting, and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) are available for sex selection. Except for sex selection for medical indication that must be done by PGD with 100% accuracy, cost, ethics, and society believes propel the parents to use nutrition (5). According to some hypotheses, healthy and nourished mothers mostly give birth to the boys; meanwhile, the sex ratio at birth is found to be affected by maternal socioeconomic conditions including the nutritional status (6, 7). This study aimed to evaluate the publications on the relationship between maternal nutrition and sex of the offspring in humans. Materials and Methods Data Sources A systematic literature search was performed across international electronic databases (e.g., ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) with no time limitation using predetermined keywords. The English search strategy is shown in Table 1. Study Selection Selected publications included original articles in English with different methods and population sizes regarding preconception maternal diet, nutritional status, fetal sex, or sex ratio in humans. In addition, a number of data were excluded from the study including reviews, letters to the editors, commentaries, editorials, experts' opinions, and publications without available electronic full texts. After initial search using search terms strategy, the related publications were selected focusing on the title/ abstract review. Following excluding duplicate articles, full
Background & Objectives: Oxidative damage in Multiple Sclerosis occurs in a wide range. White matter is highly sensitive to damage from exposure to reactive oxygen species. Fruits and vegetables have antioxidant properties. There has been no research conducted to explore the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and MS. This Case-Control study was conducted in Tehran city to investigate the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and Multiple Sclerosis. Materials and Methods: 68 cases and 140 controls underwent private interviews. Information regarding the usual dietary intake of each individual in the past year was collected by using the valid Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals Results: An inverse association between total fruits consumption and risk of Multiple Sclerosis was observed (OR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.22-0.75) but the result was not significant in multivariate model. After adjusting for the potential confounders and energy intake, total vegetables consumption tended to decrease the risk of Multiple Sclerosis (OR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.15-0.65). Within the group of fruits, a significant inverse association was observed for watermelon, raisin and cherry (P-value: <0.001). Within the group of vegetables, a significant inverse association was observed for tomato intake (p-value= 0.03). An inverse association between consumption of lettuce, onion and risk of Multiple Sclerosis was observed but the result was not significant in multivariate model. Conclusion: Our results suggested that high consumption of fruits and vegetables might be associated with reduced risk of MS.
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