represents the average change in weight that results from adding fat to an individual's diet irrespective of other macronutrient consumption, whilst the 'collider biased' effect represents the average change that results in swapping 'other' macronutrient consumption for fat consumption. In scenario (3), only the 'collider biased' effect is estimable and causally meaningful; it represents the average change in weight that results from swapping time spent physically active for time spent sedentary. Conclusion For CD with variable totals, both effects may be estimable and causally meaningful, depending upon the specific question of interest. Researchers should be clear about which effect is being sought and estimated, since they may be radically different quantities. For CD with fixed totals, only the 'collider biased' effect has any meaning. Careful attention must be paid to sensibly interpreting the relative effects that characterise this type of data.
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