INTRODUCTION: Oral lichen planus is a common chronic inflammatory muco-cutaneous disease. Although the cause of oral lichen planus is not well known, T-lymphocyte infiltrate suggests a cell mediated immunological damage to basal cell layer of the epithelium. Its suggested treatment is topical corticosteroid. A promising new treatment for oral lichen planus [OLP] is the topical application of hyaluronic acid [HA], which has shown beneficial effect on wound healing. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the effect of hyaluronic acid gel in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus in comparison with topically applied corticosteroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a randomized, parallel, controlled clinical study was conducted on twenty patients who were randomly divided into two groups. Group I received topical application of corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide) 4-5 daily, for 28 days and Group II was similarly treated using hyaluronic acid 0.2% gel. Subjective symptom and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were recorded at base line, after 10 days and at 3 months. The objective sign clinical score was recorded at baseline, 1 and 3 months post-treatment. RESULTS: Both groups showed decrease in the lesion size and symptoms of OLP. The HA treated group showed a significantly higher decrease in the pain score in comparison to the corticosteroid treated group. Regarding the healing score, the corticosteroid group showed superior results than that shown with the HA. CONCLUSIONS: HA 0.2% gel is effective in the treatment of OLP, it resulted in a decrease in symptoms and signs of the disease. HA resulted in more control of pain when compared to topical corticosteroid.
The aim of this work is to discuss the solvability of a boundary value problem for a nonlinear integro-differential equation. First, we derive an equivalent nonlinear Fredholm integral equation (NFIE) to this problem. Second, we prove the existence of a solution to the NFIE using the Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorem under verifying some sufficient conditions. Third, we solve the NFIE numerically and study the convergence rate via methods based upon applying the modified Adomian decomposition method and Liao's homotopy analysis method. As applications, some examples are illustrated to support our work. The results in this work refer to both methods are efficient and converge rapidly, but the homotopy analysis method may converge faster when we succeed in choosing the optimal homotopy control parameter.
This work is concerned with the study of a general class of nonlinear integro-differential equations of order n. Using a suitable transformation, we derive an equivalent nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra integral equation (NF-VIE) to this class of equations. The existence of continuous solutions for the NF-VIE is investigated subject to the verification of some sufficient conditions. We apply the modified Adomian's decomposition method (MADM) and homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve this NF-VIE. The convergence and error estimate of the approximate solution are also studied. The numerical results in this article show that the HAM technique may give an approximate solution with high accuracy and convergence rate faster than the one obtained using the MADM technique provided the convergence control parameter h is properly chosen when applying the HAM.
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