The abilities of Massachusetts-type vaccine virus and virulent infectious bronchitis (IB) field virus to increase colibacillosis susceptibility were compared. In four experiments, 29-day-old female commercial broilers housed in isolators, were infected intratracheally and oculonasally with IB vaccine strains (H120 and H52) or virulent IB field strains (D387 and M41) (4.8 or 6.8 log(10) median embryo infective dose, per broiler). Five days later, Escherichia coli 506 strain was given intratracheally (5.6 to 8.8 log(10) colony forming units/broiler). The incidence of nasal discharge at 3 and 5 days after IB virus infection was used to assess the clinical effect of the IB infection, while mortality, body weight uniformity and E. coli lesions at 7 days following E. coli inoculation were used as parameters for colibacillosis. Nasal discharge was observed in 6/117 (5%), 26/119 (22%), 35/119 (29%) and 115/120 (96%) of broilers infected with H120, H52, D387 and M41 virus, respectively. Apart from H52 and D387, differences between IBV strains were significant. IB vaccine and virulent IB viruses did not generally differ significantly in their ability to induce colibacillosis susceptibility. Mean colibacillosis lesion scores of H52-infected birds even significantly exceeded those of birds infected with the other IB viruses. The ability of H120 virus to induce colibacillosis susceptibility tended to be the weakest. The practical consequences of these findings are discussed.

International audienceAs a part of the development of an efficient dry powder aerosol vaccine for poultry, the objective of this study was to accurately determine the deposition pattern of nebulized microspheres in the airways of unanaesthetized chickens of different ages (day-, 2-week- and 4-week-old). In a first part of the study, the aerosol administration method was characterized: the influence of different nebulizers and nebulizing protocols on the relative humidity in the exposure chamber, the particle size distributions, the microsphere output and single microsphere percentage were determined. In the second part, birds were exposed to nebulized fluorescently labelled polystyrene microspheres (1 to 20 µm). Respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract tissue samples were collected and the number of fluorescent microspheres per sample was determined. In 2- and 4-week-old chickens, microspheres of 5 and 10 µm, respectively, were too large for deposition in the lungs and air sacs as less than 5% of these microspheres penetrated into the lower airways. The larger size of microspheres reaching the lower airways of 4-week-old birds was explained by increasing airway dimensions with age. For day-old chickens, deposition in the lungs decreased from 17 to 3% with increasing particle size (1-20 µm), but increased in the air sacs from 6 to 20%. Consequently, the total deposition percentage in the lower airways was independent of microsphere size and even 20 µm particles were able to penetrate into the lower airways, which was attributed to mouth breathing of the day-old chickens

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Increasing antibiotic resistance and ever stricter control on antibiotic use are a driving force to develop alternatives to antibiotics. One such strategy is the use of multifunctional Host Defense Peptides. Here we examined the protective effect of prophylactic treatment with the D analog of chicken cathelicidin-2 (D-CATH-2) against a respiratory E. coli infection. Chickens were treated with D-CATH-2 in ovo at day 18 of embryonic development or intramuscularly at days 1 and 4 after hatch. At 7 days of age, birds were challenged intratracheally with avian pathogenic E. coli. Protection was evaluated by recording mortality, morbidity (Mean Lesion Score) and bacterial swabs of air sacs at 7 days post-infection. In ovo D-CATH-2 treatment significantly reduced morbidity (63%) and respiratory bacterial load (>90%), while intramuscular treatment was less effective. D-CATH-2 increased the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes and heterophils by both administration routes. E. coli specific IgM levels were lower in in ovo treated animals compared to intramuscular D-CATH-2 treatment. In short, in ovo treatment with the Host Defense Peptide derived D-CATH-2 can partially protect chickens from E. coli infection, making this peptide an interesting starting point to develop alternatives to antibiotics for use in the poultry sector.