The records of the Phenylketonuria Register were examined to determine the factors associated with early intellectual progress in children who had received a diet low in phenylalanine from soon after birth. A total of 1031 children were born between 1964 and 1980 and started treatment before they were 4 months of age, and 808 of them were followed up prospectively.
Structured AbstractPurpose This paper investigates the factors that influenced seven graduates in the creative and digital industries to start their own businesses in Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK -an area with lack of employing establishments and locally registered businesses. Design/methodology/approachQuestionnaires and semi-structured interviews identified the constraining and enabling factors graduates may encounter when attempting to start a business, and explored the impact of support provided. FindingsPerceived constraining factors were: lack of general business knowledge, contradictory advisory support from external agencies, lack of sector-specific mentors, lack of finance, and experience of familial entrepreneurship. Perceived enabling factors were: co-mentoring from business partners, course content, financial gain, creativity and innovative ideas, control and risk taking, and the overarching package of support. Linkages between internal and external support could be improved. Research limitations/implicationsThe study provided insights into constraints and enablers to self-employment for a small cohort of recent graduates looking to start-up in the creative and digital industries. Further studies are required to explore the suggested effect of the 'creative identity', and of sector-specific family entrepreneurial background. Practical implicationsThe support provided by universities can facilitate the transition from early stage ideas to actual graduate business start-up. Issues such as provision of specialist advice and links with external parallel and follow-on support need to be considered. Originality/ValueUniversity start-up units provide an important contribution to the development of graduate entrepreneurs and their role in the growth of national and global economy. Suggestions for improvements in performance, such as closer links with external business development agencies and support providers, are discussed.
A total of 599 children with phenyketonuria, who had been treated early, were followed up prospectively in order to examine the association between intellectual progress from 4 to 14 years of age and control of phenylalanine concentrations. The phenylalanine rose from around 400 imol/l during the first four years to above 900 ,mol/l by 12 years. The Subjects and methods SUBJECTSThe subjects in the study were followed up prospectively by the staff of the Phenylketonuria Register using the protocol described previously.' 2 7 8 This included serial blood phenylalanine concentrations, a record of the dietary intake of phenylalanine and phenylalanine-low protein substitute at each birthday, and standardised psychological assessments at 4, 8, 10, 12, and 14 years. Subjects were selected for the present study if they had been treated before 4 months of age, were over 10 years of age (born 1964 to 1978), and had completed the follow up protocol to 8 years of age. At the time of the study data for those aged 9 years and over was still being collected in cohort II. Children treated for less than 1 year because they proved to have mild phenylketonuria were excluded, as were those with tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency or whose mothers had phenylketonuria.Altogether 599 subjects fulfilled the study criteria and were divided into two cohorts: those born 1964-71 (cohort I, 224 subjects) before reorganisation of the national screening programme,' and those born 1972-78 (cohort II, 375 patients). Eighty nine children previously studied at 4 years2 were excluded from the present study because they had no valid IQ at 8 years (39 in cohort I, 50 in cohort II), usually because testing was incomplete, outside the age limits, or the test used was other than that specified. Subjects included in the study represent 53% (cohort I) and 80% (cohort II) of all known early treated subjects in the United Kingdom compared with 63% and 89% studied at 4 years. The loss of subjects between 4 and 8 years may have exerted a slight upward bias in overall IQ as children assessed at 4 but not at 8 had a lower mean IQ than those assessed on both occasions. However, the size of the bias 311 on 11 May 2018 by guest. Protected by copyright.
Objective-To review the neonatal screening programme during 1984-8. Design-Analysis of data from screening laboratories and paediatricians.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.