The convergence of numerical solution based on two nodded beam finite element require considerable number of iterations and time; and is also plagued with shear locking. To address these deficiencies a three nodded beam element is proposed in this study to simulate the behavior of beams on elastic foundation. The analytical formulation of the model and development of shape functions are achieved with assumption of Winkler hypothesis for beam on elastic foundation A Matlab programme was developed to determine the combined beam and foundation stiffness as well as the load vector. The proposed model reliably simulates the deformations and stress resultants of beam on elastic foundation under general loading conditions. The result showed faster convergence devoid of shear locking. The maximum deflection and bending moment differ from the classical solution by about 5 percent.
This research focused on laboratory tests that was conducted using locally available 10mm washed all-in gravel, quarry dust with varying water cement ratio. The research was carried-out using 108 (150 x 150 x 150) mm standard cubes that were all tested from three designed concrete mixes. In the present study, the role of water-cement ratio in compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The mixed concrete samples with water-cement ratios of 0.3, 0.35 and 0.40 were experimented for 3, 7, 21 and 28 days of curing. The results of compressive strength experiment showed that due to increase in water-cement ratio from 0.3 to 0.40, the compressive strength improved from 22 N/mm2 to 24.33 N/mm2 for 1:1.5:3 design mix, the compressive strength improved from 22.88 N/mm2 to 24 N/mm2 for 1:2:1 design mix, while compressive strength improved from 24 N/mm2 to 25.3 N/mm2 for 1:1:2 design mix respectively. The results for compressive strength experiments showed that the 0.4 water-cement ratio resulted in the optimum compressive strength for all three design mixes.
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