Information about the chemical composition of soybean cultivars (cvs) and environmental impact on their composition is important for processors and exporters to meet the demand of niche markets. Tocopherol composition (a, b, c, d, and total), was analyzed in seeds of 89 Brazilian soybean cultivars grown under fertile soil in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state, Brazil, in 2001. A large range of variability was observed: for a-tocopherol, 11 ppm (cv. Davis) to 191 ppm (cv. IPB-T); for b-tocopherol, 6 ppm (cv. IAC 1) to 64 ppm (cv. IPB-T); for c-tocopherol, 304 ppm (BR62 Carla) to 1333 ppm (cv. Bienville); for dtocopherol, 174 ppm (cv. UFV 15) to 580 ppm (cv.IAS-5; and for total tocopherols, 561 ppm (cv. BRS62 Carla) to 1,983 ppm (cv. BR4-RC). For comparison of different growing locations, cv. MG/BR 46 Conquista was grown in 16 different locations of the Minas Gerais and Goiás states (Central Region, ca. 17°South latitude). Higher content of total tocopherol was found in Conquista, Uberaba, Sacramento, and Cerrado, while lower contents were observed in Alvorada, Iraí, and Uberlândia. In the South region (ca. 23°S outh latitude), the cultivar IAS 5, grown in 12 different locations of Paraná and São Paulo states, showed high total tocopherol content in Londrina, Pedrinhas, Ponta Grossa, and Nuporanga, and lower amounts in Cascavel, Pirassununga, Luiziana, and Morro Agudo. Tocopherol content in soybean seeds varied due to genetic differences as well as to the local environmental factors of different growing locations.
Seeds of BRS 213 soybean cultivar were germinated for 72 h at 25c. Samples were collected and analyzed every 6 h during germination. b-glucosidase activity increased 3.3-fold in radicles and 2.3-fold in cotyledons. In the radicles, there was a significant decrease in total isoflavone content (6.3-fold), while for malonyl forms, daidzin and glycitin, there was a decrease of 5.0-to 10.0-fold. Daidzein did not vary significantly during germination, while genistein and glycitein were detected at some germination times. In the cotyledons, there was an increase in total isoflavone content (2.4-fold), malonylgenistin (2.6-fold) and 3.3-fold increases for malonyldaidzin. Genistin and daidzin did not vary significantly during germination and genistein was only detected 0 and 6 h after incubation. 4 Corresponding
-The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical and physical characteristics of grains of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars for food processing. The soybean cultivars evaluated were: grain-type -BRS 133 and BRS 258; food-type -BRS 213 (null lipoxygenases), BRS 267 (vegetable-type) and BRS 216 (small grain size). BRS 267 and BRS 216 cultivars showed higher protein content, indicating that they could promote superior nutritional value. BRS 213 cultivar showed the lowest lipoxygenase activity, and BRS 267, the lowest hexanal content. These characteristics can improve soyfood flavor. After cooking, BRS 267 cultivar grains presented a higher content of aglycones (more biologically active form of isoflavones) and oleic acid, which makes it proper for functional foods and with better stability for processing, and also showed high content of fructose, glutamic acid and alanine, compounds related to the soybean mild flavor. Because of its large grain size, BRS 267 is suitable for tofu and edamame, while small-grain-sized BRS 216 is good for natto and for soybean sprouts production. BRS 216 and BRS 213 cultivars presented shorter cooking time, which may be effective for reducing processing costs.Index terms: Glycine max, amino acids, fatty acids, hexanal, isoflavones, lipoxygenases, sugars. Composição química e física de soja tipo grão e tipo alimento para o processamento de alimentosResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas e físicas de grãos de cultivares de soja (Glycine max) para o processamento de alimentos. As cultivares avaliadas foram: tipo grão -BRS 133 e BRS 258; tipo alimento -BRS 213 (desprovida de lipoxigenases), BRS 267 (tipo hortaliça) e BRS 216 (tamanho de grão pequeno). As cultivares BRS 216 e BRS 267 apresentaram maior teor de proteínas e poderiam promover valor nutricional superior. A cultivar BRS 213 apresentou a menor atividade de lipoxigenases e a BRS 267, o menor teor de hexanal. Essas características podem melhorar o sabor dos alimentos. Com o cozimento, os grãos da cultivar BRS 267 apresentaram maior teor de agliconas (forma biologicamente mais ativa das isoflavonas) e de ácido oleico, o que a torna adequada para alimentos funcionais e com melhor estabilidade para processamento, além de maior teor de frutose, ácido glutâmico e alanina, compostos relacionados ao sabor suave da soja. A cultivar BRS 267, com maior tamanho de grãos, é adequada para tofu e edamame, e a BRS 216, com menor tamanho, é apropriada para natto e para produção de brotos de soja. As cultivares BRS 216 e BRS 213 apresentaram menor tempo de cozimento, o que pode ser eficaz para reduzir os custos do processamento.
Studies were carried out on the optimization of the extraction procedures for isoflavones determination in soybean by HPLC. Isoflavones were extracted from 100 mg samples of full fat soybean flour "Kinako" (milled toasted grains). Recovery of average total isoflavones was higher when extraction was performed with agitation(217.2 mg/100g), than without agitation(191.0 mg/100g). Isoflavone extraction without agitation for 1,4, 20 and 24 hours, were equally efficient for total and individual compounds. These results suggested that an efficient isoflavone recovery could be achieved with extraction for one hour with agitation.
A soja apresenta isoflavonas que são compostos relacionados com a saúde humana. A otimização dos procedimentos de extração para determinação de isoflavonas por HPLC, são importantes quando muitas amostras são analisadas. As isoflavonas foram extraídas a partir de 100 mg de amostras de farinha integral de soja (Kinako) (grãos tostados e moídos), com solução aquosa etanol (70%), adicionado de 0,1% de ácido acético, à temperatura ambiente, por 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, e 24 horas, com e sem agitação constante. A recuperação das isoflavonas totais médias foi mais alta quando a extração foi conduzida sob agitação (217.2 mg/100g) do sem agitação (191 mg/100g). A extração de isoflavonas por 1, 4, 20 e 24 horas, sem agitação, foi igualmente eficiente para o total de isoflavonas e para os compostos individualmente. Com agitação constante, não houve differenças na recuperação de isoflavonas para todas as condições de extração. Estes resultados sugerem que uma recuperação eficiente de isoflavonas pode ser obtida quando a extração é realizada por uma hora e sob agitação constante
The effects of genetics and environmental factors on isoflavone content of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars grown in different locations in Brazil in 1993/94 were evaluated. Seeds of different cultivars were analised by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Paraná (PR), and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) States, a significant difference in the isoflavone total content average of the cultivars IAS 5 and FT-Abyara (163.9, 116.4 and 79.5 mg/100 g, respectively) was observed. In general, IAS 5 contained higher isoflavone than FT-Abyara. Cultivars IAS 5 and FT-Abyara grown at Vacaria, RS (28°30' S latitude) with temperature average of 19°C, had the highest isoflavone concentrations (218.7 and 163.8 mg/100 g, respectively). In Palotina, PR (24°27' S latitude), where temperature average was 24°C, the isoflavone concentrations were 105.9 and 86.8 mg/100 g, respectively. The lowest isoflavone contents were observed for FT-Estrela and FT-Cristalina, (27.6 and 46.5 mg/100 g, repectively) at Rondonópolis, MT (16°20' S latitude), where the temperature was 27°C.
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