Department of Medicine of our facility. All cases were subjected to complete ocular examination after taking demographic and medical history. Diabetic Retinopathy was graded as per ETDRS categories. Biochemical investigations like serum creatinine, serum urea, urine microalbumin levels, Blood sugar (fasting/post prandial), HbA1c were done. RESULTS: Out of 444 cases, Male to female ratio was 0.88: 1, where majority (54.73%) were aged between 41-60 years. 246 patients who did not suffer from retinopathy were grouped as Group I, while the rest of 198 patients having retinopathy were categorized as Group II. This was further divided into IIA suffering from Very mild to moderate NPDR (58.59%), IIB suffering from Severe to very severe NPDR (29.29%), and those suffering from Proliferative diabetic retinopathy were grouped as IIC (12.12%).A statistical significant association with severity of diabetic retinopathy and duaration of diabetes was observed. A statistically significant association between severity of diabetic retinopathy and HbA1c values was found (p < 0.001). A statistically significant association between grade of microalbuminuria and severity of diabetic retinopathy was observed (p < 0.001). On trivariate analysis of severity of diabetic retinopathy, HbA1C level and microalbuminuria grade, a statistically significant difference in prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in different HbA1c levels with microalbuminuria Grade 0 was found (p < 0.001). The difference in proportion of patients suffering from very mild to moderate diabrtic retinopathy with duration of diabetes was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001) in grade I microalbuminuria. Difference in proportion of patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy with duration of diabetes was found to be statistically significant in grade II microalbuminuria (p < 0.001). In grade III microalbuminuria, this difference was not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.093). CONCLUSION: Microalbuminuria poses a risk for diabetic retinopathy which is affected by duration of diabetes and level of glycemic control. Microalbuminuria of higher grades is a strong predictor for occurrence and severity of diabetic retinopathy.
Glaucoma causes irreversible progressive visual impairment. Increased intraocular pressure remains an important primary and prognostic risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), but its association with other risk factors is also present. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between potential ocular risk factors and the development of POAG to aid in early diagnosis. DESIGN Hospital based case control study. METHODS A case control study was conducted on 134 cases of POAG (Group 1) and 134 normal individuals without POAG (Group 2). Ocular risk factors like axial length, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, iris colour, cup-disc ratio, refractive status of eye were studied in both the groups and compared using Chi-square test. RESULTS POAG cases (Group 1) had thin cornea (p=0.005) and longer axial length (p<0.05) as compared to Group 2. Myopia (p=0.268) was more common than hypermetropia in POAG cases with odds ratio higher than unity (odds ratio=3.03). CONCLUSION A thin cornea and longer axial length were proved as ocular risk factors for POAG. Iris colour is not collaborative as risk factor. Myopia was more common in POAG cases.
The present study suggested that GSTM1, GSTT1 and FTO gene polymorphisms are associated with increased risk for cataract in North Indian populations. Due to the limited sample size, the finding on GST and FTO gene polymorphisms need further investigation.
Objective: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the major cause of vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of DME in pre diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus cases, to analyze DME pattern based on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images and to correlate it with glycemic control. Methods: In cross sectional study, 200 eyes of 100 pre diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus cases were examined for DR, DME and OCT was performed to look for central macular thickness. Result: 200 eyes were examined, 95 of them were diagnosed to have DR and 19 eyes were diagnosed to have DME. Three characteristics were found in the images of OCT in cases with DME: Diffuse retinal thickening in 9 eyes(42.4%), cystoid macular edema in7 eyes(36.8%) and serous retinal detachment in 3(15.8%). Statistical analysis showed that there was positive correlation of prevalence of DME with poor glycemic control (p<0.046), duration of diabetes (p<0.013), and severity of DR (p<0.000) but not with pattern of DME. There was statistic significance between central macular thickness and increasing grade of DME (p<0.000). Conclusion:The prevalence of DME is 9.5% in type II diabetes mellitus cases in this study. Prevalence is correlated with DR severity, duration of diabetes, and poor glycemic control. Three patterns of DME are demonstrated with OCT images. The macular thickness is correlated to severity of DME.
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