The efforts exerted by children, parents, and schools affect the outcome of the education process. We build this idea into a theoretical model where the effort exerted by the three groups of agents is simultaneously determined as a Nash equilibrium. The empirical analysis tests the model using the British National Child Development Study and finds support for this idea. We identify which factors affect educational attainment directly and which indirectly through effort. From a policy perspective, the paper indicates that affecting effort directly would have a positive impact on attainment. © 2010 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

After controlling for the effect of impact of human capital and other characteristics, including whether respondents are interviewed directly or by proxy, there has been a convergence in the experience of women and men regarding access to training in Britain. This convergence applies both to total training participation in any four weeks and to the weekly volume of off-thejob training.

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In this paper we examine three implementation and interpretation issues associated with Krueger and Summers's (1988) method for calculating interindustry wage differentials. The literature tends to report a less than complete set of industry wage differentials; use the wrong standard errors; and misinterpret the meaning of the industry wage differentials. The solution to the first two issues follows from making explicit the restriction that the employment-weighted average of all industry wage effects is zero, the same restriction that Krueger and Summers are implicitly imposing on industry wage effects. All industries have thus a wage effect relative to an average worker net of any industry effect and correct standard errors are available via the Delta Method. Finally, we propose a method for analysing interindustry wage differentials as actual differences between wage levels expressed in percentage points and not as log points, which is the current misleading standard. Our procedure calculates actual average percentage wage differences by industry and avoids the distortion in differences across industries that log point comparisons engender.

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