Essential oil (EO), hydrolate, and nondistilled aqueous phase (decoction) obtained from the hydrodistillation of lemongrass byproducts were studied in terms of their potential as food ingredients under a circular economy. The EO (0.21%, dry weight basis) was composed mainly of monoterpenoids (61%), the majority being citral (1.09 g/kg). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of lemongrass EO against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus, were 617, 1550, and 250 μg/mL, respectively. This effect was dependent on the citral content. Particularly for Gram-negative bacteria, a synergism between citral and the remaining EO compounds enhanced the antimicrobial activity. The polymeric material obtained from the nondistilled aqueous phase was composed of phenolic compounds (25% gallic acid equivalents) and carbohydrates (22%), mainly glucose (66 mol%). This polymeric material showed high antioxidant activity due to bound phenolic compounds, allowing its application as a functional dietary fiber ingredient. Matcha green tea formulations were successfully mixed with lemongrass hydrolate containing 0.21% EO (dry weight basis) with 58% of monoterpenoids, being citral at 0.73 g/kg, minimizing matcha astringency with a citrus flavor and extending the product shelf life. This holistic approach to essential oils’ hydrodistillation of Cymbopogon citratus byproducts allows for valorizing of the essential oil, hydrolate, and decoction for use as food ingredients.
Reconfigurable antennas play an important role in wireless communication systems as the physical and electrical properties of their structures can be modified, allowing them to be used in different applications. In this paper two reconfigurable filtennas are presented to integrate mobile devices that communicate (uplink and downlink) with satellites in low-orbit constellations. A microstrip patch antenna in uplink mode (29 GHz), is surrounded by copper structure that, once connected via a PIN diode, takes the antenna to resonate in a lower frequency band (20 GHz). To deal with both bands, two filters were integrated into the radiating structure: edge-coupled and hairpin filters. The antennas were characterized and compared through simulation and measurements, in terms of impedance adaptation, radiation pattern and isolation between operating bands, validating their operability. Their small size and low cost allow these antennas to be integrated into mobile terminals that communicate with satellites or 5G systems.INDEX TERMS Filters, satellites constellations, microstrip antennas, PIN diode, reconfigurable architectures.
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